Allyn & Bacon / Prentice Hall
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Cognition, 4/E
ISBN-10: 0131552716
ISBN-13: 9780131552715
Publisher: Prentice Hall
Copyright: 2006
Format: Paper; 640 pp
Published: 07/07/2005
This item has been replaced by Cognition, 5/E.
The psychology of human memory and cognition is fascinating, dealing with questions and ideas that are inherently interesting, such as how we think, reason, remember, and use language. This text is directed primarily toward undergraduate students at junior and senior level. Using a first person narrative, posing direct questions to the reader, and balancing classic research with cutting edge topics, the author draws in the reader and conveys the excitement of the field.
The fourth edition thoroughly covers the foundation areas in cognition. Reflecting the increasing use of new technologies to study memory and cognition, Ashcraft continues to integrate sections on neurosciences withing individual chapter topics. A major section in the introductory chapters provides background and information on neurons and the brain, so even students without formal coursework on the biological bases of congnition will be prepared for the cognitive neuroscience coverage in the text.
Other important new developments also examined in the new edition include: false memory research, new research on working memory and individual differences, new strides in online investigations of comprehension and reading, and new challenges to the classic research in heurstics in decision-making.
Sections on neurocognition—Integrated within the individual chapter topics.
~Shows students how integral the neurosciences are to cognitive science.
Background information on neurons and the brain—In chapter 2.
~Prepares students–without formal coursework on the biological basis of cognition— for the neurocognitive evidence they will encounter throughout the book.
Thoroughly revised and updated throughout–i.e., false memory research; working memory and individual differences; online investigations of comprehension and reading; and new challenges to the classic research on heuristics in decision making.
~Offers students current and additional material on important topics and developments central to the field.
Over 300 new reference citations since the 2002 edition.
~Maintains the text’scutting edge coverage.
Accessible writing style.
~Draws students into the material so that they can absorb and retain material more easily.
Balance of classic research and current topics.
~Presents students with a manageable mix of material that encourages them to read and remember material.
In-depth coverage of treated topics.
~Provides students with thorough coverage of the most important subject areas.
Prove It boxes.
~Gives students a demonstration project that illustrates the points made.
Critical terms highlighted.
~Helps students master the terminology.
Section Summary.
~Enables students to check their understanding and retention of concepts after each major chapter section.
Companion Website access at www.prenhall.com/ashcraft.
~Provides students with suggested readings and website demonstrations via the Internet.
1. Cognitive Psychology : An Introduction
Thinking About Thinking
Memory and Cognition Defined
An Introductory History of Cognitive Psychology
Anticipations of Psychology
Early Psychology
Behaviorism and Neobehaviorism
Dissatifaction with Behaviorism: The Winds of Change
Cognitive Psychology and Information Processing: The New Direction
The Assumptions of Cognitive Psychology
2. The Cognitive Science Approach
Guiding Principles
Themes
Measuring Information Processes
Getting Started
Time and Accuracy Measures
Guiding Analogies
The Information-Processing Approach
The Standard Theory
A Process Model
The Strict Information Processing Approach
Some Difficulties
The Modern Cognitive Approach: Cognitive Science
Updating the Standard Theory
Fixing the Narrowness
Neurocognition: The Brain and Cognition Together
Basic Neurology
Brain Anatomy
Principles of Functioning
Split Brain Research and Lateralization
Methods of Investigation
3. Perception and Pattern Recognition
Visual Perception
Gathering Visual Information
Visual Sensory Memory
The Argument About Iconic Memory
A Summary for Visual Sensory Memory
Pattern Recognition: Written Language
The Template Approach
Visual Feature Detection
Beyond Features: Conceptually Driven Pattern Recognition
Object Recognition and Agnosia
Recognition by Components
Agnosia
Implications for Cognitive Science
Auditory Perception
Auditory Sensory Memory
Auditory Pattern Recognition
4. Attention
Multiple Meaning of Attention
Basics of Attention
Basic Input Attentional Processes
Alertness and Arousal
Reflexive Attention and the Orienting Response
Spotlight Attention and Visual Search
Contrasting Input and Controlled Attention
Controlled, Voluntary Attention
Selective Attention and the Cocktail Party Effect
Selection Models
Attention as a Mental Resource
Automatic and Conscious Processing Theories
A Synthesis for Attention and Automaticity
Disadvantages of Automaticity
A Disorder of Attention: Hemineglect
5. Short-Term Working Memory
Short-Term Memory: A Limited-Capacity Bottleneck
The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
The Brown-Peterson Task: Decay from Short-Term Memory
Interferences versus Decay in Short-Term Memory
Short-Term Memory and Recall
Free versus Serial Recall
Serial Position Effects
Rehearsal Buffer
Retrieval from Short-Term Memory
Recognition Tasks
Short-Term Memory Scanning: The Sternberg Task
Multiple Codes in Short-Term Memory
Verbal Codes
Semantic Codes
Visual Codes
Other Codes
Working Memory
Early Neuropsychological Evidence
The Components of Working Memory
The Dual Task Method Applied to Working Memory
Testing the Working Memory Model
Neuropsychological Evidence
Individual Differences Approach to Working Memory
Overview
6. Learning and Remembering
Preliminary Issues
Mnemonic Devices
The Ebbinghaus Tradition of Memory Research
Metamemory
Storing Information in Episodic Memory
Rehearsal
Frequency of Rehearsal
Two Kinds of Rehearsal
Depth of Processing
Challenges to Depth of Processing
Defining Levels
Organization in Storage
Imagery
Storage Summary: Encoding Specificity
Retrieving Episodic Information
Decay
Interference
Retrieval Failure
Retrieval Cues and Encoding Specificity
Amnesia and Implicit Memory
Dissociation of Episodic and Semantic Memory
Anterograde Amnesia
Implicit and Explicit Memory
7. Knowing
Semantic Memory
The Collins and Quillian ( and Loftus) Model
Smith's Feature Comparison Model
Empirical Tests of Semantic Memory Models
Clashing Models of Explainations
Semantic Relatedness
Categorization, Classification, and Prototypes
Concept Formation
Natural Language Concepts
Internal Structure and the Power of Categorization
Priming in Semantic Memory
Nuts and Bolts of Priming Tasks
Empirical Demonstrations of Priming
Priming in Other Tasks
Priming is Automatic
Priming is an Implicit Process
Context, Connectionism, and the Brain
Context
Connectionism
Connectionsim and the Brain
8. Using Knowledge in the Real World
The Seven Sins of Memory
Reconstructive Memory and Semantic Integration
Bartlett's Research
Schemata
Semantic Integration
Technical and Content Accuracy
Propositions
The Nature of Propositions
Strengths of Propositional Theories
Rules for Deriving Propositions
Are Propositions Real?
Propositions, Semantic Networks, and Scripts
Scripts
Evidence of Scripts
False Memories, Eyewitness Memory. and "Forgotten Memories"
False Memories
Leading Questions and Memory Distortion
The Misinformation Effect
Source Misattribution and Misinformation Acceptance
Stronger Memory Distortion Effects
Repressed and Recovered Memories
Autobiographical Memories
The Bahrick Work
The Relationship of Laboratory to Real-World Memory
The Irony of Memory
9. Language
Linguistic Universals and Functions
Defining Language
Universals of Language
Animal Communication Systems
Five Levels of Analysis, a Critical Distinction, and Whorf's Hypothesis
Phonology: The Sounds of Language
Sounds in Isolation
Combining Phonemes into Words
Speech Perception and Context
A Final Puzzle
Syntax: The Ordering of Words and Phrases
Chomsky's Transformational Grammar
Limitations of the Transformational Grammar Approach
The Cognitive Role of Syntax
Lexical and Semantic Factors: The Meaning in Language
Morphemes
The Lexical Representation
Case Grammar
Interaction of Syntax and Semantics
Evidence for the Semantic Grammar Approaches
Case Grammar, Propositions, and Comprehension
Brain and Language
Aphasia
Generalizing from Aphasia
Language in the Intact Brain
10. Comprehension: Written and Spoken Language
Getting Started: An Overview
Conceptual and Rule Knowledge
Traditional Comprehension Research
Online Comprehension Tasks
Comprehension as Mental Structure Building
A Situation Model Approach to Comprehension
Reference, Inference, and Memory
Reference
Implication and Inference
Simple Reference and Inference
Inferences During Comprehension
The Processes and Extent of Drawing Inferences
Reading
Gaze Duration Procedures
Basic Online Reading Effects
A Model of Reading
Summary
Spoken Language and Conversation
The Structure of Conversations
Cognitive Conversational Characteristics
Empirical Effects in Conversation
11. Decisions, Judgments, and Reasoning
Formal Logic and Reasoning
Syllogisms
Conditional Reasoning: If P Then Q
Hypothesis Testing
Decisions
Decisions About Physical Differences
Decisions About Symbolic Differences
Decisions About Geographic Distances
Decisions and Reasoning Under Uncertainty
Algorithms and Heuristics
Heuristics, Biases, and Fallacies
The Representativeness Heuristic
The Availability Heuristics
The Simulation Heuristics
The Undoing Heuristics: Counterfactual Reasoning
Adaptive Thinking and " Fast, Frugal" Heuristics
The Ongoing Debate
Limitations in Reasoning
Limited Domain Knowledge
Limitations in Processing Resources
Appendix: Algorithms for Coin Tosses and Hospital Births
12. Problem Solving
The Status of Problem-Solving Area
Gestalt Psychology and Problem Solving
Early Gestalt Research
Difficulties in Problem Solving
Insight and Analogy
Insight
Analogy
Neurocognition in Analogy and Insight
Basics of Problem Solving
Characteristics of Problem Solving
A Vocabulary of Problem Solving
Means-End Analysis: A Fundamental Heuristic
The Basics of Means-End Analysis
Means-End Analysis and the Tower of Hanoi
General Problem Solver
Adaptive Control of Thought
Improving Your Problem Solving
Increase Your Domain Knowledge
Automate Some Components of the Problem-Solving Solution
Follow a Systematic Plan
Draw Inferences
Develop Subgoals
Work Backward
Search for Contradictions
Search for Relations Among Problems
Find a Different Problem Representation
If All Else Fails, Try Practice
Glossary
References
Photo Credits
Name Index
Subjet Index

Companion Website - Ashcraft, 4/E
Ashcraft
©2006 | Prentice Hall | On-line Supplement | Instock
ISBN-10: 0131552724 |
ISBN-13: 9780131552722
URL:
http://www.prenhall.com/ashcraft
Companion Website - Ashcraft, 4/E
Ashcraft
©2006 | Prentice Hall | On-line Supplement | Instock
ISBN-10: 0131552724 |
ISBN-13: 9780131552722
URL:
http://www.prenhall.com/ashcraft
Instructor's Manual with Tests, 4/E
Ashcraft
©2006 | Prentice Hall | Paper; 352 pp | Instock
ISBN-10: 0131552732 |
ISBN-13: 9780131552739
Online PowerPoints, 4/E
Ashcraft
©2006 | Prentice Hall | On-line Supplement | Instock
ISBN-10: 0131552740 |
ISBN-13: 9780131552746
URL:
http://www.prenhall.com/ashcraft
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TestGen, 4/E
Ashcraft
©2006 | Prentice Hall | Software | Instock
ISBN-10: 0131552759 |
ISBN-13: 9780131552753
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Companion Website - Ashcraft, 4/E
Ashcraft
©2006 | Prentice Hall | On-line Supplement | Instock
ISBN-10: 0131552724 |
ISBN-13: 9780131552722
URL:
http://www.prenhall.com/ashcraft
Building Bridges: The Allyn & Bacon Student Guide to Service-Learning
Hamner
©2002 | Prentice Hall | Paper; 128 pp | Instock
ISBN-10: 0205319742 |
ISBN-13: 9780205319749
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Clicker Questions for Introductory Psychology
Martichuski
©2009 | Prentice Hall | On-line Supplement | Instock
ISBN-10: 0205688039 |
ISBN-13: 9780205688036
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Contemporary Readings in Psychology: A New York Times Reader
Coats
©2000 | Prentice Hall | Paper; 126 pp | Instock
ISBN-10: 0139775137 |
ISBN-13: 9780139775130
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How to Write Psychology Papers, 2/E
Parrott
©1999 | Prentice Hall | Paper; 144 pp | Instock
ISBN-10: 0321044665 |
ISBN-13: 9780321044662
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Insights into Human Development Video
Allyn & Bacon
©2007 | Prentice Hall | Video | Instock
ISBN-10: 0205466249 |
ISBN-13: 9780205466245
InterWrite PRS RF (Personal Response System)
InterWrite PRS & Allyn & Bacon/Longman
©2005 | Prentice Hall | Electronic Supplement | Instock
ISBN-10: 0205436951 |
ISBN-13: 9780205436958
Introductory Psychology DVD Set for Psychology
Pearson Canada
©2006 | Prentice Hall | DVD | Instock
ISBN-10: 0131754327 |
ISBN-13: 9780131754324
Live!Psych
WADE & TAVRIS & Tavris
©2004 | Prentice Hall | On-line Supplement | Instock
ISBN-10: 0130487325 |
ISBN-13: 9780130487322
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Mind Matters CD-ROM
Hilton & Perdue
©2000 | Prentice Hall | CD-ROM Only | Instock
ISBN-10: 0130272787 |
ISBN-13: 9780130272782
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Pearson Teaching Films for Introductory Psychology 2008
Pearson
©2009 | Prentice Hall | DVD | Instock
ISBN-10: 0205652808 |
ISBN-13: 9780205652808
Psychobabble and Biobunk: Using Psychology to Think Critically about Issues in the News, 2/E
Tavris
©2001 | Prentice Hall | Paper; 107 pp | Instock
ISBN-10: 0130279862 |
ISBN-13: 9780130279866
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ResearchNavigator.com Guide: Psychology (Valuepack item only)
Kelley & Barr
©2007 | Prentice Hall | Paper; 96 pp | Instock
ISBN-10: 0205517080 |
ISBN-13: 9780205517084
Speaking Out: Interviews with People Who Struggle
Oltmanns & Emery
©2011 | Prentice Hall | DVD |
Estimated Availability : 12/01/2010
ISBN-10: 0205773419 |
ISBN-13: 9780205773411
Stress Management Workbook: Techniques and Self Assessment Procedures
Gramling & Auerbach
©1998 | Prentice Hall | Paper; 176 pp | Instock
ISBN-10: 0138539200 |
ISBN-13: 9780138539207
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iClicker Classroom Response System
iClicker & Allyn & Bacon/Longman
©2008 | Prentice Hall | Electronic Supplement | Instock
ISBN-10: 0205594506 |
ISBN-13: 9780205594504
MySearchLab (access code required)
Pearson
©2010 | Prentice Hall | Website | Instock
ISBN-10: 0205699391 |
ISBN-13: 9780205699391
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Pearson
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Companion Website - Ashcraft, 4/E
Ashcraft
©2006 | Prentice Hall | On-line Supplement | Instock
ISBN-10: 0131552724 |
ISBN-13: 9780131552722
URL:
http://www.prenhall.com/ashcraft
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