Chemistry

This product is an alternate version of:
Bruice,  Organic Chemistry, 6/E
Bruice,  Organic Chemistry with Companion Website + GradeTracker + Access Code Card, 5/E

This product accompanies:
Bruice,  Organic Chemistry, 6/E
Bruice,  Organic Chemistry with Companion Website + GradeTracker + Access Code Card, 5/E

Content and Approach

• Functional groups are organized around mechanistic similarities.
  • This organization allows a great deal of material to be understood in light of unifying principles of reactivity.
• Synthesis and reactivity are tied together.
  • When discussing a functional group's reactivity, the text covers the synthesis of compounds that are formed as a result of that reactivity, often by having students design synthetic schemes.  This strategy helps prevent students from having to memorize lists of unrelated reactions.  It also economizes the presentation, allowing more material to be covered in less time.

Synthesis

• Students are introduced to synthetic chemistry and retrosynthetic analysis early in the book (chapters 3 and 5).
  • Since students have a limited number of reactions to work with at this point, the early introduction provides a greater progression to learning this skill.
• "Designing a Synthesis" sections appear throughout the text–Help students learn to efficiently design multi-step syntheses. Many multi-step problems include the synthesis of compounds that students recognize (Novocain, Valium, ketoprofen).
  • Provides a good way for students to review reactions they have learned. Also shows how synthetic organic chemists approach problems.

Bioorganic Chemistry

• Rich biological applications, more than any other organic text.
  • Shows students how chemistry relates to bio and medical fields.
• Bioorganic and applied topics–Covered in over 130 interest boxes integrated throughout the text meant to serve as intriguing asides.  For example:
• Why are Dalmatians the only mammals that exrete uric acid?
• Why is life based on carbon instead of silicon?
• Trans fats
• In the first 2/3 of the text, the bioorganic material often appears at the end of the chapters for easy identification and assignability/exclusion.
• Ties the chemistry to the biology that students (most of whom are pre-meds) are learning simultaneously.
• Chapters 21-27 focus heavily on bioorganic topics.
• The chapters have the unique distinction of containing more chemistry than is typically found in the corresponding parts of a biochemistry text.

Pedagogical Devices

• End-of-Chapter Summaries
  • Recapitulate the major concepts of the chapter in a concise narrative format.
• "Voice box" annotations
  • Helps students focus on the points being discussed.
• Biographical sketches Brief biographies of the chemists who defined Organic Chemistry.
  • Humanizes the science by reinforcing for students that these discoveries were the result of personal endeavor, sometimes after overcoming significant adversities.
• Margin notes
  • Emphasize core ideas and remind students of important principles to help them grasp concepts in the text.
• Reaction Summaries included in each chapter that covers reactions.
  • Ensures that students understand and can explain how each reaction occurs.
• Chapter-end treatment of key terms–Offers a handy page reference to refresh skills.
  • Helps students assess their knowledge of the language of organic chemistry before proceeding.

Problem-Solving Support

• Solved Problems throughout the chapter.
  • Help students learn how to approach and solve problems before testing themselves at the end of the chapter.

• Problem-Solving Strategies–Each problem-solving strategy is followed by an exercise that gives students an opportunity to use the problem-solving skill just learned.
  • Teach students how to approach a variety of problems, organize their thoughts, and improve their problem-solving abilities.

• Graded problem difficulty
  • The end-of-chapter problems vary in difficulty.  They begin with drill problems that integrate material from the entire chapter, requiring students to think in terms of all the material in the chapter rather than focusing on individual sections.  The problems become more challenging as the student proceeds, often reinforcing concepts from prior chapters.  The net result for the student is a progressive building of both problem solving ability and confidence.
• More problems throughout–Over 1800 problems for assignment and student practice. 

THOROUGHLY ENHANCED content revision based on free-form content reviews.

• The "free-form" response format allows for a broad range of feedback, unconstrained by preconceptions built into traditional review questionnaires.  
• All radicals are now covered in a single chapter (Chapter 11).
• Nucleophilic substitution and elimination now appear earlier, in Chapters 8-10.
• Oxidation of alcohol added to Chapter 10.
• Epoxide formation added to Chapter 4.
  • These changes allow for a wide variety of synthetic problems earlier.

NEW Chapter 25:  Chemistry of Metabolism

• This new chapter "completes" the coenzyme coverage, so students can see how reactions fit into metabolism.

NEW "Building on Fundamentals" lists at the beginning of each chapter emphasize and repeat principles so they become a core part of a student’s knowledge.

• Explicity illustrates for students that the same principles are repeated throughout their course.

NEW Concept heading statements frame the context of the discussion to follow rather than merely title the section. 

           

NEW Stepped-out mechanisms clearly delineate the mechanisms of the reactions in a way that is integral to the text, but significantly highlighted

 

ADDITIONAL/REVISED EXERCISES All problems throughout the text have been extensively reviewed and revised.  Usuccessful problems have been excised and replaced by new problems.  In addition, the total number of problems has increased.

• This edition contains 230 more problems. 
• All problems are field tested and verified by over 400 students in Paula Bruice's classes before they are included in the text.
• New problems and revisions to existing problems originate from suggestions by reviewers and Paula Bruice's students. 

 THREE NEW SPECIAL TOPICS TUTORIALS in the Study Guide, making a total of seven.  The Tutorials can effectively replace the need for the additional books students are often asked to purchase.  Now available:

• NEW Drawing Curved Arrows #2
  • One-electron processes
• NEW Drawing Resonance Structures
• NEW Molecular Orbital Theory
• Kinetics
• Using Molecular Models
• Acids/Bases
• Drawing Curved Arrows #1
  • Two-electron processes

 

I:  AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

 

1.  ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND BONDING · ACIDS AND BASES

1.1   The Structure of an Atom

1.2   How the Electrons in an Atom are Distributed

1.3   Ionic and Covalent Bonds

        Ionic Bonds are Formed by the Transfer of Electrons

        Covalent Bonds are Formed by Sharing Electrons

        Polar Covalent Bonds

1.4   How the Structure of a Compound is Represented

        Lewis Structures

        Kekule Structures

        Condensed Structures

1.5   Atomic Orbitals

1.6   An Introduction to Molecular Orbital Theory

1.7   How Single Bonds are Formed in Organic Compounds

        The Bonds in Methane

        The Bonds in Ethane

1.8   How a Double Bond is Formed: The Bonds in Ethene

1.9   How a Triple Bonds is Formed: The Bonds in Ethyne

1.10  The Bonds in the Methyl Cation, the Methyl Radical, and the Methyl Anion

        The Methyl Cation

        The Methyl Radical

        The Methyl Anion

1.11   The Bonds in Water

1.12   The Bonds in Ammonia and in the Ammonium Ion

1.13   The Bonds in the Hydrogen Halides

1.14    Summary: Hybridization, Bond Lengths, Bond Strengths, and Bond Angles

1.15   The Dipole Moments of Molecules

1.16   An Introduction to Acids and Bases

1.17   pK_a and pH

1.18   Organic Acids and Bases

1.19   How to Predict the Outcome of an Acid-Base Reaction

1.20   How the Structure of an Acid Affects Its Acidity

1.21   How Substituents Affect the Strength of an Acid

1.22    An Introduction to Delocalized Electrons

1.23    A Summary of the Factors that Determine Acid Strength

1.24    How the pH Affects the Structure of an Organic Compound

1.25    Buffer Solutions

        1.26    The Second Definition of Acid and Base: Lewis Acids and Bases

 

2.  AN INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS NOMENCLATURE,  PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, AND REPRESENTATION OF STRUCTURE

 2.1     How Alkyl Substituents are Named

2.2     Nomenclature of Alkanes

2.3     Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes

2.4     Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides

2.5     Nomenclature of Ethers

2.6     Nomenclature of Alcohols

2.7     Nomenclature of Amines

2.8     The Structures of Alkyl Halides, Alcohols, Ethers, and Amines

2.9     The Physical Properties of Alkanes, Alkyl Halides, Alcohols, Ethers, and Amines

        Boiling Points

        Melting Points

        Solubility

2.10   Rotation Occurs About Carbon-Carbon Bonds

2.11   Some Cycloalkanes Have Ring Strain

2.12   Conformations of Cyclohexane

2.13   Conformers of Monosubstituted Cyclohexanes

2.14   Conformers of Disubstituted Cyclohexanes

 

II:  ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION REACTIONS, STEREOCHEMISTRY, AND ELECTRON DEELOCALIZATION

 

3.  ALKENES: STRUCTURE, NOMENCLATURE AND AN INTRODUCTION TO REACTIVITY · THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS

3.1     Molecular Formulas and the Degree of Unsaturation

3.2     Nomenclature of Alkenes

3.3     The Structures of Alkenes

3.4     Alkenes Can Have Cis and Trans Isomers

3.5     Naming Alkenes Using the E,Z System

3.6     How Alkenes React · Curved Arrows Show the Flow of Electrons

3.7     Thermodynamics and Kinetics

        A Reaction Coordinate Diagram Describes the Reaction Pathway

        Thermodynamics: How Much Product Is Formed?

        Kinetics: How Fast Is the Product Formed?

3.8     Using a Reaction Coordinate Diagram to Describe a Reaction

 

4.  THE REACTIONS OF ALKENES

4.1     Addition of a Hydrogen Halide to an Alkene

4.2     Carbocation Stability Depends on the Number of Alkyl Groups Attached to the Positively Charged Carbon

4.3     The Structure of the Transition State Lies Partway Between the Structures of the Reactants and Products

4.4     Electrophilic Addition Reactions Are Regioselective

4.5     Acid-Catalyzed Addition Reactions

        Addition of Water to an Alkene

        Addition of an Alcohol to an Alkene

4.6     A Carbocation will Rearrange if It Can Form a More Stable Carbocation

4.7     Addition of a Halogen to an Alkene

4.8     Oxymercuration-Demercuration: Are Other Ways to Add Water or Alcohol to an Alkene

4.9     Addition of a Peroxyacid to an Alkene

4.10   Addition of Borane to an Alkene: Hydroboration-Oxidation

4.11   Addition of Hydrogen to an Alkene · The Relative Stabilities of Alkenes

4.12   Reactions and Synthesis

 

5.  STEREOCHEMISTRY: THE ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS IN SPACE; THE STEREOCHEMISTRY OF ADDITION REACTIONS

5.1     Cis-Trans Isomers Result From Restricted Rotation

5.2     A Chiral Object has a Nonsuperimposable Mirror Image

5.3     An Asymmetric Center Is a Cause of Chirality In a Molecule

5.4     Isomers with One Asymmetric Center

5.5     Asymmetric Centers and Stereocenters

5.6     How to Draw Enantiomers     

5.7     Naming Enantiomers by the R,S System

5.8     Chiral Compounds are Optically Active

5.9     How Specific Rotation is Measured

5.10   Enantiomeric Excess

5.11   Isomers with More than One Asymmetric Center

5.12   Meso Compounds Have Asymmetric Centers but are Optically Inactive

5.13   How to Name Isomers with More than One Asymmetric Center

5.14   Reactions of Compounds that Contain a Asymmetric Center

5.15   The Absolute Configuration of (+)-Glyceraldehyde

5.16   How Enantiomers Can be Separated

5.17   Nitrogen and Phosphorous Atoms Can be Asymmetric Centers

5.18   The Stereochemistry of Reactions:  Regioselective, Stereoselective, and Stereospecific Reactions

5.19   The Stereochemistry of Electrophilic Addition Reactions of Alkenes 

         Addition Reactions that Form a Product with One Asymmetric Center

         Addition Reactions that Form Products with Two Asymmetric Centers

         Addition Reactions that Form a Carbocation Intermediate

         The Stereochemistry of Hydrogen Addition

         The Stereochemistry of Peroxyacid Addition

         The Stereochemistry of Hydroboration-Oxidation

         Addition Reactions that Form a Cyclic Bromonium Ion Intermediate

5.20   The Stereochemistry of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions

5.21   Enantiomers can be Distinguished by Biological Molecules

        Enymes

        Receptors

 

6.   THE REACTIONS OF ALKYNES · AN INTRODUCTION TO MULTISTEP SYNTHESIS

6.1     The Nomenclature of Alkynes

6.2     How to Name a Compound That Has More than One Functional Group

6.3     The Physical Properties of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

6.4     The Structure of Alkynes

6.5     How Alkynes React

6.6     Addition of Hydrogen Halides and Addition of Halogens to an Alkyne

6.7     Addition of Water to an Alkyne

6.8     Addition of Borane to an Alkyne: Hydroboration-Oxidation

6.9     Addition of Hydrogen to an Alkyne

6.10   A Hydrogen Bonded to an sp Carbon is “Acidic”      

6.11   Synthesis Using Acetylide Ions

6.12   Designing a Synthesis I:  An Introduction to Multistep Synthesis

 

7.  DELOCALIZED ELECTRONS AND THEIR EFFECT ON STABILITY,   REACTIVITY, AND pKa · MORE ABOUT MOLECULAR ORBITAL THEORY

7.1     Benzene Has Delocalized Electrons

7.2     The Bonding in Benzene

7.3     Resonance Contributors and the Resonance Hybrid

7.4     How to Draw Resonance Contributors

7.5     The Predicted Stabilites of Resonance Contributors

7.6     Delocalization Energy Is the Additional Stability Delocalized Electrons Give to a Compound

7.7     Examples That Illustrate the Effect of Delocalized Electrons on Stability

        Stability of Dienes

        Stability of Allylic and Benzylic Cations

7.8     A Molecular Orbital Description of Stability    

        1,3-Butadiene and 1,4-Pentadiene

        1,3,5-Hexatriene and Benzene

7.9     How Delocalized Electrons Affect pKa

7.10   Delocalized Electrons Can Affect the Product of a Reaction

        Reactions of Isolated Dienes

        Reactions of Conjugated Dienes

7.11   Thermodynamic versus Kinetic Control of Reactions

7.12   The Diels-Alder Reaction Is a 1,4-Addition Reaction

        A Molecular Orbital Description of the Diels-Alder Reaction

        Predicting the Product When Both Reagents Are Unsymmetrically Substituted

        Conformations of the Diene

        The Stereochemistry of the Diels-Alder Reaction

 

III:  SUBSTITUTION AND ELIMINATION REACTIONS

 

8.  SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS OF OF ALKYL HALIDES

8.1     How Alkyl Halides React

8.2     The Mechanism of an SN2 Reaction

8.3     Factors that Affect SN2 Reactions

        The Leaving Group

        The Nucleophile

        Nucleophilicity is Affected by the Solvent

        Nucleophilicity is Affected by Steric Effects

8.4     The Reversibility of an SN2 Reaction Depends on the Basicities of the Leaving Groups in   the Forward and Reverse Directions

8.5     The Mechanism of an SN1 Reaction

8.6     Factors that Affect an SN1 Reaction

        The Leaving Group

        The Nucleophile

        Carbocation Rearrangements

8.7     More About the Stereochemistry of SN2 and SN1 Reactions

        Stereochemistry of SN2 Reactions

        Stereochemistry of SN1 Reactions

8.8     Benzylic Halides, Allylic Halides, Vinylic Halides, and Aryl Halides

8.9     Competition Between SN2 and SN1 Reactions

8.10   The Role of the Solvent in SN2 and SN1 Reactions

        How a Solvent Affects Reaction Rates in General

        How a Solvent Affects the Rate of an SN1 Reaction

        How a Solvent Affects the Rate of an SN2 Reaction

8.11   Biological Methylating Reagents Have Good Leaving Groups

 

9.    ELIMINATION REACTIONS OF ALKYL HALIDES · COMPETITION BETWEEN SUBSTITUTION AND ELIMINATION

9.1     The E2 Reaction

9.2     An E2 Reaction is Regioselective

9.3     The E1 Reaction

9.4     Competition Between E2 and E1 Reactions

9.5     E2 and E1 Reactions are Stereoselective

        The Stereoisomers Formed in an E2 Reaction

        The Stereoisomers Formed in an E1 Reaction

9.6     Elimination from Substituted Cyclohexanes

        E2 Reactions of Substituted Cyclohexanes

        E1 Reactions of Substituted Cyclohexanes

9.7     A Kinetic Isotope Effect Can Help Determine a Mechanism

9.8     Competition Between Substitution and Elimination

        SN2/E2 Conditions

        SN1/E1 Conditions

9.9     Substitution and Elimination Reactions in Synthesis

        Using Substitution Reactions to Synthesize Compounds

        Using Elimination Reactions to Synthesize Compounds

9.10   Consecutive E2 Elimination Reactions

9.11   Intermolecular Versus Intramolecular Reactions

9.12   Designing a Synthesis II: Approaching the Problem

 

10.  REACTIONS OF ALCOHOLS, AMINES, ETHERS, EXPOXIDES, AND SULFUR-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS · ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS

10.1   Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of Alcohols: Forming Alkyl Halides

10.2   Other Methods for Converting Alcohols into Alkyl Halides

10.3   Converting Alcohols into Sulfonate Esters

10.4   Elimination Reactions of Alcohols: Dehydration

10.5   Oxidation of Alcohols

10.6   Amines do not Undergo Substitution or Elimination Reactions but Are the Most Common Organic Bases

10.7   Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of Ethers

10.8   Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of Epoxides

10.9   Arene Oxides

10.10   Crown Ethers

10.11   Thiols, Sulfides, and Sulfonium Salts

10.12   Organometallic Compounds

10.13   Coupling Reactions

 

11.  RADICALS · REACTIONS OF ALKANES

11.1   Alkanes are Unreactive Compounds

11.2   Chlorination and Bromination of Alkanes

11.3   Radical Stability Depends on the Number of Alkyl Groups Attached to the Carbon with the Unpaired Electron

11.4   The Distribution of Products Depends on Probability and Reactivity

11.5   The Reactivity-Selectivity Principle

11.6   Addition of Radicals to an Alkene

11.7   Stereochemistry of Radical Substitution and Addition Reactions

11.8   Radical Substitution of Benzylic and Allylic Hydrogens

11.9   Designing a Synthesis III: More Practice with Multistep Synthesis

11.10   Radical Reactions Occur in Biological Systems

11.11   Radicals and Stratospheric Ozone

 

IV:  IDENTIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

 

12.  MASS SPECTROMETRY, INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY, AND ULTRAVIOLET/VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY

12.1   Mass Spectrometry

12.2   The Mass Spectrum.  Fragmentation  

12.3   Isotopes in Mass Spectrometry

12.4   High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Can Determine Molecular Formulas

12.5   Fragmentation Patterns of Functional Groups

        Alkyl Halides

        Ethers

        Alcohols

        Ketones

12.6   Spectroscopy and the Electromagnetic Spectrum

12.7   Infrared Spectroscopy

        Obtaining an Infrared Spectrum

        The Functional Group and Fingerprint Regions

12.8   Characteristic Infrared Absorption Bands

12.9   The Intensity of Absorption Bands

12.10   The Position of Absorption Bands

        Hooke’s Law

        The Effect of Bond Order

12.11   The Position of an Absorption Band is Affected by Electron Delocalization, Electron Donation and Withdrawal, and Hydrogen Bonding

        O—GH Absorption Bands

        C—H Absortion Bands

12.12   The Shape of Absorption Bands

12.13   The Absence of Absorption Bands

12.14   Some Vibrations are Infrared Inactive

12.15   A Lesson in Interpreting Infrared Spectra

12.16   Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy

12.17   The Beer-Lambert Law

12.18   The Effect of Conjugation on l_max

12.19   The Visible Spectrum and Color

12.20   Uses of UV/Vis Spectroscopy

 

13.  NMR SPECTROSCOPY

13.1   An Introduction to NMR Spectroscopy

13.2   Fourier Transform NMR

13.3   Shielding Causes Different Hydrogens to Show Signals at Different Frequencies

13.4   The Number of Signals in an ¹H NMR Spectrum

13.5   The Chemical Shift Tells How Far the Signal Is from the Reference Signal

13.6   The Relative Positions of ¹H NMR Signals

13.7   Characteristic Values of Chemical Shifts

13.8   Diamagnetic Anisotropy

13.9   The Integration of NMR Signals Reveals the Relative Number of Protons Causing the Signal

13.10   Splitting of the Signals is Desribed by the N+1 Rule

13.11   More Examples of ¹H NMR Spectra

13.12   Coupling Constants Identify Coupled Protons

13.13   Splitting Diagrams Explain the Multiplicity of a Signal

13.14   The Time Dependence of NMR Spectroscopy

13.15   Protons Bonded to Oxygen and Nitrogen

13.16   The Use of Deuterium in ¹H NMR Spectroscopy

13.17   The Resolution of ¹H NMR Spectra

13.18   ¹³C NMR Spectroscopy

13.19   DEPT ¹³C NMR Spectra

13.20   Two-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy

13.21   NMR Used in Medicine is Called Magnetic Resonance Imaging

 

V:  AROMATIC COMPOUNDS

 

14.  AROMATICITY · REACTIONS OF BENZENE

14.1   Aromatic Compounds are Unusually Stable

14.2   The Two Criteria for Aromaticity

14.3   Applying the Criteria for Aromaticity

14.4   Aromatic Heterocyclic Compounds

14.5   Some Chemical Consequences of Aromaticity

14.6   Antiaromaticity

14.7   A Molecular Orbital Description of Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity

14.8   Nomenclature of Monosubstituted Benzenes

14.9   How Benzene Reacts

14.10   General Mechanism for Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions

14.11   Halogenation of Benzene

14.12   Nitration of Benzene

14.13   Sulfonation of Benzene

14.14   Friedel-Crafts Acylation of Benzene

14.15   Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of Benzene

14.16   Alkylation of Benzene by Acylation-Reduction

14.17   Using Coupling Reactions to Alkylate Benzene

14.18   It is important to Have More than One Way to Carry Out a Reaction

14.19   How Some Substituents on a Benzene Ring Can Be Chemically Changed

 

15.  REACTIONS OF SUBSTITUTED BENZENES

15.1   Nomenclature of Disubstituted and Polysubstituted Benzenes

15.2   Some Substituents Increase the Reactivity of a Benzene Ring and Some Decrease Its Reactivity

        Inductive Electron Withdrawal

        Electron Donation by Hyperconjugation

        Resonance Electron Donation and Withdrawal

        Relative Reactivity of Substituted Benzenes

15.3   The Effect of Substituents on Orientation

15.4   The Effect of Substituents on pKa

15.5   The Ortho/Para Ratio

15.6   Additional Considerations Regarding Substituent Effects

15.7   Designing a Synthesis III:  Synthesis of Monosubstituted and Disubstituted Benzenes    

15.8   Synthesis of Trisubstituted Benzenes

15.9   Synthesis of Substituted Benzenes Using Arenediazonium Salts

15.10   The Arenediazonium Ion as an Electrophile

15.11   Mechanism for the Reaction of Amines with Nitrous Acid

15.12   Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: An Addition-Elimination Mechanism

15.13   Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: An Elimination-Addition Mechanism that Forms a Benzyne Intermediate

15.14   Polycyclic Benzenoid Hydrocarbons

 

VI:  CARBONYL COMPOUNDS 

 

16.  CARBONYL COMPOUNDS I: NUCLEOPHILIC ACYL SUBSTITUTION

16.1   Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids and Caboxylic Acid Derivatives

16.2   Structures of Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

16.3   Physical Properties of Carbonyl Compounds

16.4   Naturally Occurring Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

16.5   How Class I Carbonyl Compounds React

16.6   Relative Reactivities of Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

16.7   General Mechanism for Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions

16.8   Reactions of Acyl Halides

16.9   Reactions of Acid Anhydrides

16.10   Reactions of Esters

16.11   Acid-Catalyzed Ester Hydrolysis

16.12   Hydroxide-Ion Promoted Ester Hydrolysis

16.13   How the Mechanism for Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions Was Confirmed

16.14   Soaps, Detergents, and Micelles

16.15   Reactions of Carboxylic Acids 

16.16   Reactions of Amides

16.17   The Hydrolysis of Amides Is Catalyzed by Acids

16.18   Hydrolysis of an Imide: A Way to Synthesize Primary Amines

16.19   Hydrolysis of Nitriles

16.20   Designing a Synthesis V: The Synthesis of Cyclic Compounds

16.21   How Chemists Activate Carboxylic Acids

16.22   How Cells Activate Carboxylic Acids

16.23   Dicarboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives

 

17. CARBONYL COMPOUNDS II:

17.1   Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones

17.2   Relative Reactivities of Carbonyl Compounds

17.3   How Aldehydes and Ketones React

17.4   Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds with Grignard Reagents

17.5   Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds with Acetylide Ions

17.6   Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds with Hydride Ion

17.7   Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones with Hydrogen Cyanide

17.8   Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines and Derivatives of Amines

17.9   Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones with Water

17.10   Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols

17.11   Protecting Groups

17.12   Addition of Sulfur Nucleophiles

17.13   The Wittig Reaction Forms an Alkene

17.14   Stereochemistry of Nucleophilic Addition Reactions: Re and Si Faces

17.15   Designing a Synthesis VI: Disconnections, Synthons, and Synthetic Equivalents

17.16   Nucleophilic Addition to a,b-Unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones

17.17   Nucleophilic Addition to a,b-Unsaturated Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

17.18   Enzyme-Catalyzed Additions to a,b-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds

 

18.  CARBONYL COMPOUNDS III: REACTIONS AT THE a-CARBON

 18.1   Acidity of an a-Hydrogens

18.2   Keto-Enol Tautomers

18.3   Enolization

18.4   How Enols and Enolate Ions React

18.5   Halogenation of the a-Carbon of Aldehydes and Ketones.

        Acid-Catalyzed Halogenation

        Base-Promoted Halogenation

        The Haloform Reaction

18.6   Halogenation of the a-Carbon of Carboxylic Acids:  The Hell-Volhard-Zelinski Reaction

18.7   a-Halogenated Carbonyl Compounds Are Useful in Synthesis

18.8   Using Lithium Diisopropylamide (LDA) to Form an Enolate

18.9   Alkylation of the a-Carbon of Carbonyl Compounds

18.10   Alkylation and Acylation of the a-Carbon Using an Enamine Intermediate

18.11   Alkylation of the b-Carbon: The Michael Reaction

18.12   An Aldol Addition Forms b-Hydroxyaldehydes or b -Hydroxyketones

18.13   Dehydration of Aldol Addition Products Forms a,b-Unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones

18.14   The Mixed Aldol Addition

18.15   A Claisen Condensation Forms a b-Keto Ester

18.16   The Mixed Claisen Condensation

18.17   Intramolecular Condensation and Addition Reactions

        Intramolecular Claisen Condensations

        Intramolecular Aldol Additions

        The Robinson Annulation

18.18   3-Oxocarboxylic Acids Can Be Dehydrated

18.19   The Malonic Ester Synthesis: A Way to Snthesize a Carboxylic Acid

18.20   The Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis: A Way Synthesize a Methyl Ketone

18.21   Designing a Synthesis VII:  Making New Carbon-Carbon Bonds

18.22   Reactions at the a-Carbon in Biological Systems

        A Biological Aldol Condensation

        A Biological Claisen Condensation

        A Biological Decarboxylation

 

VII:  OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS AND AMINES

 

19. MORE ABOUT OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS

19.1   Reduction Reactions

        Reduction by Addition of Two Hydrogen Atoms

        Reduction by Addition of an Electron, a Proton, an Electron, and a Proton

        Reduction by Addition of a Hydride Ion and a Proton

19.2   Oxidation of Alcohols

19.3   Oxidation of Aldehydes and Ketones

19.4   Designing a Synthesis VIII: Controlling Stereochemistry

19.5   Hydroxylation of Alkenes

19.6   Oxidative Cleavage of 1,2-Diols

19.7   Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes

19.8   Oxidative Cleavage of Alkynes

19.9   Designing a Synthesis IX:  Functional Group Interconversion

 

20.  MORE ABOUT AMINES. HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS

20.1   More About Amine Nomenclature

20.2   Amines Invert Rapidly

20.3   More About the Acid-Base Properties of Amines

20.4   Amines React as Bases and as Nucleophiles

20.5   Quaternary Ammonium Hydroxides Undergo Elimination Reactions

20.6   Phase-Transfer Catalysis

20.7   Oxidation of Amines: The Cope Elimination Reaction

20.8   Synthesis of Amines

20.9   Aromatic Five-Membered Ring Heterocycles                 

20.10   Aromatic Six-Membered-Ring Heterocycles                  

20.11   Amine Heterocycles Have Important Roles in Nature                        

 

VIII:  BIOORGANIC COMPOUNDS

 

21.  CARBOHYDRATES

21.1   Classification of Carbohydrtes

21.2   The D and L Notation

21.3   Configurations of the Aldoses

21.4   Configurations of the Ketoses

21.5   Reactions of Monosaccharides in Basic Solutions

21.6   Redox Reactions of Monosaccharides

21.7   Monosaccharides Form Crystalline Osazones

21.8   Lengthening the Chain: The Kiliani–Fischer Synthesis

21.9   Shortening the Chain: The Wohl Degradation

21.10   Stereochemistry of Glucose: the Fischer Proof  

21.11   Monosaccharides Form Cyclic Hemiacetals

21.12   Glucose Is the Most Stable Aldohexose

21.13   Acylation and Alkylation of Monosaccharides

21.14   Formation of Glycosides

21.15   The Anomeric Effect

21.16   Reducing and Nonreducing Sugars

21.17   Determination of Ring Size

21.18   Disaccharides

21.19   Polysaccharides

21.20   Some Naturally Occurring Products Derived from Carbohydrates

21.21   Carbohydrates on Cell Surfaces

21.22   Synthetic Sweeteners

    

22.  AMINO ACIDS, PEPTIDES, AND PROTEINS

22.1   Classification and Nomenclature of Amino Acids

22.2   Configuration of the Amino Acids

22.3   Acid-Base Properties of Amino Acids

22.4   The Isoelectric Point

22.5   Separation of Amino Acids

22.6   Resolution of Racemic Mixtures of Amino Acids

22.7   Peptide Bonds and Disulfide Bonds

22.8   Some Interesting Peptides

22.9   The Strategy of Peptide Bond Synthesis: N-Protection and C-Activation

22.10   Automated Peptide Synthesis

22.11   An Introduction to Protein Structure

22.12   How to Determine the Primary Structure of a Peptide or a Protein

22.13   Secondary Structure of Proteins

22.14   Tertiary Structure of Proteins

22.15   Quaternary Structure of Proteins

22.16   Protein Denaturation

 

23.  CATALYSIS 

23.1   Catalysis in Organic Reactions                              

23.2   Acid Catalysis

23.3   Base Catalysis                                             

23.4   Nucleophilic Catalysis

23.5   Metal-Ion Catalysis                                               

23.6   Intramolecular Reactions                                           

23.7   Intramolecular Catalysis                                           

23.8   Catalysis in Biological Reactions                                    

23.9   Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions

        Mechanism for Carboxypeptidase A                         

        Mechanism for Serine Proteases                            

        Mechanism for Lysozyme

        Mechanism for Glucose-6-phosphate Isomerase                                    

        Mechanism of Aldolase                      

 

24.  THE ORGANIC MECHANISMS OF THE COENZYMES    

24.1   An Introduction to Metabolism

24.2   The Vitamin Needed for Many Redox Reactions: Vitamin B₃

24.3   Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide and Flavin Mononucleotide: Vitamin B₂

23.4   Thiamine Pyrophosphate: Vitamin B₁

23.5   Biotin: Vitamin H

24.6   Pyridoxal Phosphate: Vitamin B₆

24.7   Coenzyme B₁₂: Vitamin B₁₂

24.8   Tetrahydrofolate: Folic Acid

24.9   Vitamin KH₂: Vitamin K

 

25: THE CHEMISTRY OF METABOLISM

25.1   The Four Stages of Catabolism

25.2   ATP Is the Carrier of Chemical Energy

25.3   There Are Three Mechanisms for Phosphoryl Transfer Reactions

25.4   The “High-Energy” Character of Phosphoanhydride Bonds

25.5   Why ATP Is Kinetically Stable in a Cell

25.6   The Catabolism of Fats

25.7   The Catabolism of Carbohydrates

25.8   The Fates of Pyruvate

25.9   The Catabolism of Proteins

25.10   The Citric Acid Cycle

25.11   Oxidative Phosphorylation

25.12   Anabolism

 

26.  LIPIDS

26.1   Fatty Acids Are Long-Chain Carboxylic Acids

26.2   Waxes Are High-Molecular Weight Esters

26.3   Fats and Oils

26.4   Phospholipids and Sphingolipids are the Components of Membranes

26.5   Prostaglandins  Regulate Physiological Responses

26.6   Terpenes Contain Carbon Atoms in Multiples of Five

26.7   Vitamin A Is a Terpene

26.8   How Terpenes Are Biosynthesized

26.9   Steroids Are Chemical Messengers

26.10   How Nature Synthesizes Cholesterol

26.11   Synthetic Steroids

 

27.  NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES, AND NUCLEIC ACIDS

27.1   Nucleosides and Nucleotides

27.2   Other Important Nucleotides

27.3   Nucleic Acids Are Composed of Nucleotide Subunits  

27.4   DNA Is Stable but RNA Is Easily Cleaved

27.5   Biosynthesis of DNA Is Called Replication

27.6   Biosynthesis of RNA Is Called Transcription

27.7   There Are Three Kinds of RNA

27.8   Biosynthesis of Proteins Is Called Translation 

27.9   Why DNA Contains Thymine Instead of Uracil 

27.10   How the Base Sequence of DNA Is Determined 

27.11   Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

27.12   Genetic Engineering

27.13   Laboratory Synthesis of DNA Strands

 

IX: SPECIAL TOPICS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

 

28.  SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

28.1   There Are Two Major Classes of Synthetic Polymers                 

28.2   Chain-Growth Polymers

        Radical Polymerization

        Branching of the Polymer Chain

        Cationic Polymerization

        Anionic Polymerization

28.3   Stereochemistry of Polymerization.  Ziegler-Natta Catalysts

28.4   Polymerization of Dienes. The Manufacture of Rubber

28.5   Copolymers

28.6   Step-Growth Polymers

28.7   Physical Properties of Polymers

 

29.  PERICYCLIC REACTIONS 

29.1   There Are Three Kinds of Pericyclic Reations

29.2   Molecular Orbitals and Orbital Symmetry

29.3   Electrocyclic Reactions

29.4   Cycloaddition Reactions  

29.5   Sigmatropic Rearrangements

        Migration of Hydrogen

        Migration of Carbon

29.6   Pericyclic Rections in  Biological Systems

        Biological Cycloaddition Reactions

        A Biological Reaction Involving an Electrocyclic Reaction and a Sigmatropic

        Rearrangement 

29.7   Summary of the Selection Rules for Pericyclic Reactions

 

30. THE ORGANIC CHEMISTRY OF DRUGS: DISCOVERY AND DESIGN

30.1   Naming Drugs

30.2   Lead Compounds

30.3   Molecular Modification

30.4   Random Screening 

30.5   Serendipity in Drug Development

30.6   Receptors

30.7   Drugs as Enzyme Inhibitors

30.8   Designing a Suicide Substrate

30.9   Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSARs)

30.10   Molecular Modeling

30.11   Combinatorial Organic Synthesis

30.12   Antiviral Drugs

30.13   Economics of Drugs: Governmental Regulations

Organic Chemistry (2 - Semester)  (Chemistry)

• 
  Organic Chemistry, 6/E
  Bruice
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  This innovative text organizes functional groups around mechanistic similarities emphasizing what functional groups do rather than how they are made. The strategy of tying together the reactivity of a functional group and the synthesis of compounds resulting from its reactivity prevents students from having to memorize lists of unrelated reactions. This organization allows a great deal of material to be understood in light of unifying principles of reactivity.
  
  Bruice balances coverage of traditional topics with bioorganic chemistry to show how organic chemistry is related to biological systems and to our daily lives. The Sixth Edition has been revised and streamlined throughout to enhance clarity and accessibility, and adds a wealth of new problems and problem-solving strategies.
  
  

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Paula Yurkanis Bruice was raised primarily in Massachusetts, Germany, and Switzerland and was graduated from the Girls' Latin School in Boston. She received an A.B. from Mount Holyoke College and a Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of Virginia. She received an NIH postdoctoral fellowship for study in biochemistry at the University of Virginia Medical School, and she held a postdoctoral appointment in the Department of Pharmacology at Yale Medical School.

 

She is a member of the faculty at the University of California, Santa Barbara, where she has received the Associated Students Teacher of the Year Award, the Academic Senate Distinguished Teaching Award, and two Mortar Board Professor of the Year Awards. Her research interests concern the mechanism and catalysis of organic reactions, particularly those of biological significance. Paula has a daughter and a son who are physicians and a son who is a lawyer. Her main hobbies are reading mystery/suspense novels and her pets (three dogs, two cats, and a parrot).

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Bruice
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ISBN-10: 0132294834 | ISBN-13: 9780132294836
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Companion Website + GradeTracker, Access Code Card, Organic Chemistry, 5/E
Bruice
©2007 | Prentice Hall | Access Code Card; 0 pp | Instock
ISBN-10: 0132221276 | ISBN-13: 9780132221276
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OneKey CourseCompass, Student Access Kit, Organic Chemistry, 5/E
Bruice
©2007 | Prentice Hall | Access Code Card; 0 pp | Instock
ISBN-10: 0132221020 | ISBN-13: 9780132221023
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WebAssign Access Code Card-One Term Version
Prentice Hall
©2007 | Prentice Hall | Access Code Card | Instock
ISBN-10: 0130676519 | ISBN-13: 9780130676511
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ACE Instructor Access Code Card, 5/E
Bruice
©2007 | Prentice Hall | Access Code Card | Instock
ISBN-10: 0132253550 | ISBN-13: 9780132253550
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Companion Website + GradeTracker Instructor Access Code Card, 5/E
Bruice
©2007 | Prentice Hall | Access Code Card; 0 pp | Instock
ISBN-10: 0132388227 | ISBN-13: 9780132388221
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Companion Website + GradeTracker - Bruice, 5/E
Bruice
©2007 | Prentice Hall | Website | Instock
ISBN-10: 0132220458 | ISBN-13: 9780132220453
Online purchase price: $30.00Students can purchase immediate access at http://www.prenhall.com/bruice.

Organic Chemistry, Activebook, 5/E
Bruice
©2007 | Prentice Hall | Website | Instock
ISBN-10: 0132221063 | ISBN-13: 9780132221061
Online purchase price: $123.00

OneKey CourseCompass , Organic Chemistry, 5/E
Bruice
©2007 | Prentice Hall | On-line Supplement | Instock
ISBN-10: 0132221047 | ISBN-13: 9780132221047
Online purchase price: $30.00Students can purchase immediate access at http://www.coursecompass.com.

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WebCT for Organic Chemistry, 5/E
Bruice
©2009 | Prentice Hall | On-line Supplement | Instock
ISBN-10: 0321631986 | ISBN-13: 9780321631985
This online resource is available at no cost at http://webct4demo.pearsoncmg.com/SCRIPT/0321631986_Bruice/scripts/student/serve_home.

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Blackboard for Organic Chemistry, 5/E
Bruice
©2009 | Prentice Hall | On-line Supplement | Instock
ISBN-10: 0321631994 | ISBN-13: 9780321631992
This online resource is available at no cost at http://bb6demo.pearsoncmg.com/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab=courses&url=/bin/common/course.pl?course_id=_1145_1.

Availability: Now! | Version: 6.2.3 | Student Access Type: Open Access
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  Organic Chemistry, CourseSmart eTextbook, 5/E
  Bruice
  ©2007 | Prentice Hall | Electronic Book; 1440 pp | Instock
  ISBN-10: 0136044433 | ISBN-13: 9780136044437
  Online purchase price: $102.00Students can purchase immediate access at http://www.coursesmart.com.
  Brief Description

  

  CourseSmart Textbooks Online is an exciting new choice for students looking to save money. As an alternative to purchasing the print textbook, students can subscribe to the same content online and save up to 50% off the suggested list price of the print text. With a CourseSmart etextbook, students can search the text, make notes online, print out reading assignments that incorporate lecture notes, and bookmark important passages for later review. For more information, or to subscribe to the CourseSmart eTextbook, visit www.coursesmart.com.

   

   

This title is a member of the The Ace Organic Series Series, which also contains the titles below . You can also visit the Ace Organic Series Series page.

• 
  Organic Chemistry, 5/E
  Bruice
  ©2007 | Prentice Hall | Cloth; 1440 pp | Instock
  ISBN-10: 0131963163 | ISBN-13: 9780131963160
  Suggested retail price: $206.67  Net price: $155.00  (What's this?)Brief Description

  

  For full-year courses in organic chemistry taken by science and pre-health professions majors.

   

  This innovative text is organized in a way that discourages rote memorization, by emphasizing what functional groups do rather than how they are made, highlighting mechanistic similarities and tying synthesis and reactivity together. Bruice's writing has been praised for anticipating students' questions, appealing to their visual and problem solving needs. The text balances coverage of traditional topics with bioorganic chemistry, recognizing the importance of bioorganic topics to today's students.

• 
  Organic Chemistry and CW+ GradeTracker Access Card Package, 6/E
  Wade
  ©2006 | Prentice Hall | Kit/Package/ShrinkWrap; 1328 pp | Out of Print
  ISBN-10: 0131699571 | ISBN-13: 9780131699571
  Suggested retail price: $203.20  Net price: $152.40  (What's this?)Brief Description

  

  For two-semester courses in Organic Chemistry taken primarily by science and pre-health majors.

   

  Wade, organized around functional groups, is known for his student-oriented approach--he incorporates problem solving help (features in green), orientation features (in blue), and complete discussions of mechanisms (mechanism boxes and key mechanism spreads).  As always, he explains concepts without taking the unnecessary short cuts that often lead to misconceptions.  Additionally, he integrates up-to-date aspects of spectroscopy, bioorganic chemistry (often through accessible margin notes), and many applications to polymer chemistry throughout. 

   

  The PH online organic homework system, ACE Organic, provides instructors and students a tool that is created specifically to mimic how students do organic homework—by drawing organic structures.  This program provides detailed feedback for incorrect answers to enhance the learning process.

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Package ISBN-10: 0131569147 | ISBN-13: 9780131569140
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Package ISBN-10: 0136018858 | ISBN-13: 9780136018858
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