Philosophy

For courses in Introduction to Logic or Critical Thinking.

Rendered from Copi/Cohen's Introduction to Logic, the most respected introductory logic text on the market, this concise version explains all concepts and techniques clearly, accurately, and thoroughly, bringing them to life using a wealth of contemporary examples.

Essentials of Logic was created in response to a need in the market for a book that effectively covered the fundamental issues in logic.  The first edition of Essentials of Logic was abridged from Copi and Cohen’s Introduction, 11^th edition, with an eye to including all and only those elements that most logic teachers would consider essential.  In the second edition, new topics have been added based on readers' suggestions.  For example, indirect and conditional proof techniques have been added and many examples have been thoroughly revised and rewritten.  The result is a book that closely reflects what users deem essential and does so in a way that is sensitive to the needs of today's students.

How do you ensure your students understand the concepts of logic?

• INCREASED!  Exercise sets.  The exercise sets include over 1200 exercises, nearly half of which are new to this edition.  (examples, pgs. 9-11; pgs. 151-152; pgs. 304-306)
  • Provides students with more opportunities to practice.
• NEW!  Solutions to the largest proportion of exercises.  Solutions are provided at the back of the book for all the odd-numbered exercises. (pgs. 383-483)
  • Allows students to check their work immediately for over half the exercises in the book.  This means that if they have misunderstood a concept, they can correct the mistake before it becomes habitual.
• End-of-Chapter Essentials. These chapter summaries provide a quick reference for all the major points covered in each chapter. (examples, pgs. 43-45, pgs. 97-99; and pgs. 133-135)
  • Allows students to review the chapter to be certain they have understood the major points covered in each chapter.
• INCREASED!  Summary charts.  Numerous charts summarize material that is covered in a chapter or section.  Among the charts new to the edition are (1) charts for nonstandard qualifiers in categorical logic (pgs. 180-181); (2) an English to Symbolese/Symbolese to English dictionary for propositional logic (pgs. 201-202); and (3) an English to Symbolese/Symbolese to English dictionary for quantified logic (pgs. 303-304).  These three charts and dictionaries are found in no other major logic textbook.
  • Allows students to master the material quicker and with far less frustration.
• NEW!  Essential Hints. (examples, pgs. 2, 52, and 112)
  • Essential Hints focus students, help them more easily master the material, and provide additional information of interest to students

What topics do you cover in your course?

• A focus on just the essentials of logic. At 450 pages, Essentials of Logic discusses the concepts and techniques clearly and concisely.
  • Easy to get through in one semester.

• NEW! An appendix on truth trees.  No other major logic textbook introduces the truth tree technique as well as natural deduction. (pgs. 371-382)

  • Instructors who wish to include a discussion of truth trees (a variation on reverse truth tables and indirect proofs) in their courses will have materials to guide their students through truth trees.  

• REVISED!  The discussion of informal fallacies (Chapter 2).  This discussion now clearly shows how informal fallacies are related to acceptable arguments. 
  • Reflects recent scholarship on informal fallacies. 
• Divides the introduction of the equivalences falling under the Rule of Replacement into two sections.  This allows students to master the use of De Morgan's theorems, commutation, association, distribution, and double negation before having to work with all the equivalences. (pgs. 257-264 and pgs. 265-280)
  • Reduces the degree of frustration students experience when constructing proofs.
• EXPANDED!  The list of rules of thumb for constructing deductive proofs has been significantly expanded.  This text now provides more rules of thumb for doing proofs than are found in any major logic textbook.  By providing an extended list of rules of thumb--strategies that will help students more easily find their way to the conclusion at least ninety percent of the time--the student can more successfully construct proofs.  Nonetheless, since the rules of thumb do not apply in all cases, students are still challenged to think through some of the proofs very carefully. (example, p. 271)
  • Helps students to work through this challenging task. 
• Discussions of indirect and conditional proof for propositional and quantified logic (found in sections 7.4, 7.5, and 8.4).  While proofs done by indirect or conditional proof are typically longer than direct proofs, they usually use more of the equivalences students easily master together with the nine rules of inferences.  Consequently, the proofs are easier.
  • Helps reduce students' frustration levels.
• Techniques for determining the missing element.  This text introduces techniques for determining what the missing element of an enthymematic categorical syllogism must be if the argument is valid and for showing that there is no element that will yield a valid syllogism (found in section 5.5).    This feature is found in no other major logic textbook.  The typical approach to enthymemes is to assume that whatever is missing is “evident” or “obvious.”  This is typically not the case:  what is “obvious” to one person is often not obvious to another.  Further, appeals to obviousness ignore the questions of validity on which syllogisms depend. 
  • Places discussions of enthymematic categorical syllogisms well within the scope of examinations of validity.

• Modern symbolic logic.   Presents a more detailed account of the concept of logical equivalence, distinguishing it more clearly from the truth-functional connectives explained earlier in the text.  Also introduced is a new special symbol for logical equivalence that clearly distinguishes it and indicates its nature as the tautological statement of material equivalence.

  • Makes the concept more understandable for students and easier for them to identify.

Do you value the availability of numerous aids to student-learning and teaching?

• Instructor supplements. Accompanying Essentials of Logic for instructors is an instructor’s manual with sample test questions and solutions to all the even-numbered exercises.  The test questions are also available in a computerized test manager program to aid in the preparation of tests for students. Also, the eLogic tutorial allows instructors to view a Log Book of students' work.
  • Helps instructors prepare for their course.
• Student supplements. There is also a revision of Prentice Hall’s groundbreaking logic tutorial, eLogic! This tutorial is now available exclusively online, and includes over 500 of the exercises in Essentials of Logic for students to work electronically.  Together with the exercises from the text, eLogic includes the tools students need to solve logic problems. Students can work problems, including diagramming arguments, creating Venn diagrams, constructing truth tables, and building proofs, and students receive constant feedback to guide them through solutions. Students can submit their work via email or hardcopy to their instructors, together with a Log Book showing how well they did. See walkthrough in the text's preface.
  • Simplifies the study of logic; permits instructors to monitor student performance; and enables students to complete assignments and communicate with their instructors online.

Numerous revisions have been made to provide a more accessible and student-friendly text.

• INCREASED!  Exercise sets.  The exercise sets include over 1200 exercises, nearly half of which are new to this edition.  (examples, pgs. 9-11; pgs. 151-152; pgs. 304-306)
  • Provides students with more opportunities to practice.
• NEW!  Solutions to the largest proportion of exercises.  Solutions are provided at the back of the book for all the odd-numbered exercises. (pgs. 383-483)
  • Allows students to check their work immediately for over half the exercises in the book.  This means that if they have misunderstood a concept, they can correct the mistake before it becomes habitual.
• INCREASED!  Summary charts.  Numerous charts summarize material that is covered in a chapter or section.  Among the charts new to the edition are (1) charts for nonstandard qualifiers in categorical logic (pgs. 180-181); (2) an English to Symbolese/Symbolese to English dictionary for propositional logic (pgs. 201-202); and (3) an English to Symbolese/Symbolese to English dictionary for quantified logic (pgs. 303-304).  These three charts and dictionaries are found in no other major logic textbook.
  • Allows students to master the material quicker and with far less frustration.
• NEW!  Essential Hints. (examples, pgs. 2, 52, and 112)
• Essential Hints focus students, help them more easily master the material, and provide additional information of interest to students

• NEW! An appendix on truth trees.  No other major logic textbook introduces the truth tree technique as well as natural deduction. (pgs. 371-382)

  • Instructors who wish to include a discussion of truth trees (a variation on reverse truth tables and indirect proofs) in their courses will have materials to guide their students through truth trees.  

• REVISED!  The discussion of informal fallacies (Chapter 2).  This discussion now clearly shows how informal fallacies are related to acceptable arguments. 
  • Reflects recent scholarship on informal fallacies. 
• EXPANDED!  The list of rules of thumb for constructing deductive proofs has been significantly expanded.  This text now provides more rules of thumb for doing proofs than are found in any major logic textbook.  By providing an extended list of rules of thumb--strategies that will help students more easily find their way to the conclusion at least ninety percent of the time--the student can more successfully construct proofs.  Nonetheless, since the rules of thumb do not apply in all cases, students are still challenged to think through some of the proofs very carefully. (example, p. 271)
• Helps students to work through this challenging task. 

Preface

CHAPTER 1 Basic Logical Concepts

1.1 What Logic Is

1.2 Propositions and Sentences

1.3 Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions

1.4 Arguments and Explanations

1.5 Recognizing Arguments

    A. Premise- and Conclusion-Indicators

    B. Arguments in Context

    C. Premises Not in Declarative Form

    D. Unstated Propositions

1.6 Deduction and Validity

1.7 Validity and Truth

1.8 Induction and Probability

1.9 Analyzing Arguments

    A. Paraphrasing

    B. Diagramming Arguments

    C. Interwoven Arguments

1.10 Complex Argumentative Passages

Essentials of Chapter 1

2.1 What Is a Fallacy?

2.2 Fallacies of Relevance

    R1. Argument from Ignorance (argumentum ad ignoratiam)

    R2. Appeal to Illegitimate Authority (argumentum ad verecundiam)

    R3. Argument Against the Person (Personal Attack, argumentum ad hominem)

    R4. Appeal to Emotion (Mob Appeal, argumentum ad populum)

    R5. Appeal to Pity (argumentum ad misericordiam)

    R6. Appeal to Force (argumentum ad baculum)

    R7. Irrelevant Conclusion (ignoratio elenchi; non sequitur)

2.3 Fallacies of Presumption

    P1. Complex Question

    P2. False Cause (post hoc, ergo propter hoc; non causa pro causa)

    P3. Begging the Question (petitio principii)

    P4. Accident

    P5. Converse Accident (Hasty Generalization)

    P6. Suppressed Evidence

    P7. False Dichotomy

2.4 Fallacies of Ambiguity

    A1. Equivocation

    A2.Amphiboly

    A3. Accent

    A4. Composition

    A5. Division

Essentials of Chapter 2

CHAPTER 3 Categorical Propositions

3.1 Categorical Logic

3.2 Categorical Propositions and Classes

3.3 Symbolism and Venn Diagrams for Categorical Propositions

3.4 Distribution

3.5 Existential Import

3.6 The Aristotelian Square of Opposition and Immediate Inferences

    A. Contradictories

    B. Contraries

    C. Subcontraries

    D. Subalternation

3.7 The Boolean Square of Opposition

3.8 Logical Equivalence and Immediate Inferences

    A. Conversion

    B. Obversion

    C. Contraposition

Essentials of Chapter 3

4.1 Standard Form Categorical Syllogisms

    A. Major, Minor, and Middle Terms

    B. Mood

    C. Figure

4.2 The Nature of Syllogistic Arguments

4.3 Venn Diagram Technique for Testing Syllogisms

4.4 Syllogistic Rules and Syllogistic Fallacies

Essentials of Chapter 4

CHAPTER 5 Arguments in Ordinary Language

5.1 Syllogistic Arguments in Ordinary Language

5.2 Reducing the Number of Terms in a Syllogistic Argument

5.3 Translating Categorical Propositions into Standard Form

    A. Singular Propositions

    B. Categorical Propositions with Adjectives or Adjectival Phrases as Predicates

    C. Categorical Propositions with Verbs Other Than the Standard Form Copula To Be

    D. Categorical Propositions in Nonstandard Order

    E. Categorical Propositions with Nonstandard Quantifiers

    F. Exclusive Propositions

    G. Propositions Without Quantifiers

    H.Propositions Not in Standard Form that Have Logically Equivalent Standard Form Alternatives

    I. Exceptive Propositions

    J. More Complex Quantifiers

5.4 Uniform Translation

5.5 Enthymemes

Essentials of Chapter 5

CHAPTER 6 Symbolic Logic

6.1 The Symbolic Language of Modern Logic

6.2 Symbolese 101: The Language of Propositional Logic

    A. Negation

    B. Conjunction

    C. Disjunction

    D. Material Implication (Material Conditionality)

    E. Biconditionals (Material Equivalence)

    F. Grouping Indicators

6.3 Truth Tables as Tools for Analyzing Compound Propositions

6.4 Tautologous, Contradictory, and Contingent Statement Forms

6.5 Truth Tables as a Test for the Validity of Arguments

    A.Some Common Valid Argument Forms

    B. Some Common Invalid Argument Forms

    C. More Complex Arguments

6.6 Incomplete and Reverse Truth Tables

    A. Incomplete Truth Tables

    B. Reverse Truth Tables

6.7 Arguments, Conditionals, and Tautologies

Essentials of Chapter 6

CHAPTER 7 The Method of Deduction

7.1 Natural Deduction Versus Truth Tables

7.2 Formal Proofs of Validity

7.3 The Rule of Replacement (1)

7.4 The Rule of Replacement (2)

7.5 Conditional Proof

7.6 Indirect Proof

Essentials of Chapter 7

CHAPTER 8 Quantification Theory

8.1 When Propositional Logic Is Not Enough

8.2 Symbolese 102: The Language of Quantificational Logic

    A. Singular Propositions, Subjects, and Predicates

    B. Universal and Particular Propositions

    C. And Sometimes the Statements Are More Complex

8.3 Proving Validity

8.4 Conditional and Indirect Proof

8.5 Proving Invalidity

Essentials of Chapter 8

CHAPTER 9 Induction

9.1 Introduction to Induction

9.2 Arguments by Analogy

9.3 Appraising Arguments by Analogy

9.4 Explanations and Hypotheses

9.5 Arguments to the Best Explanation

Essentials of Chapter 9

A.1 Propositional Logic

A.2 Quantificational Logic

Essentials of the Appendix

Informal Logic  (Philosophy)
Introduction to Logic  (Philosophy)
Critical Thinking  (Philosophy)

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