Longman / Prentice Hall
English
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ISBN-10: 0131895672
ISBN-13: 9780131895676
Publisher: Prentice Hall
Copyright: 2006
Format: Paper; 624 pp
Published: 12/01/2005
Suggested retail price: $74.00
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For Freshman-level writing courses, such as Freshman Composition, English Composition, First-Year Writing, or Expository Writing.
The only argument text that emphasizes style throughout.
Presenting a holistic view of content and style, this all-in-one argument rhetoric, reader, research guide and handbook helps students analyze and evaluate what they read, argue persuasively, and communicate more clearly than they ever have before. Students discover, internalize and apply at increasing levels of sophistication the impact of persuasive appeals (logos, pathos and ethos), the principles of critical thinking and the hallmarks of effective style through more than 200 embedded, guided activities directed at their own papers.
What are the most important ideas your students should understand about reading and writing arguments?
Discovering Arguments presents the classical persuasive appeals throughout the text as the essential argument paradigm, while also exploring the contributions of Stephen Toulmin and Carl Rogers.
Chapter 1, Communication and Persuasion: Logos, Pathos, Ethos–sets the tone for the whole text with a discussion of the classical appeals, in the context of writing an opinion essay.
~Students find this approach satisfying, and it quickly influences the quality of their thinking and writing.
Over 200 guided discovery activities throughout the text-- systematically lead students to understand the most important ideas in argumentation and to apply them immediately to their own writing, reading and thinking.
~Gives students unparalleled support as they plan, draft and revise their papers.
Toulmin and Rogerian Models–presented as parts of Chapters Two and Three, respectively, and reinforced in activities throughout the book.
~Provides students additional powerful tools for reading and writing arguments.
“Thinking with Contraries” as a strategy for argument-- Stimulates thoughtful writing about contradictions and paradoxes, and analyzing contraries in readings.
~Teaches students to use creative thinking skills (such as metaphor, simile, analogy) to complement critical thinking skills (such as analysis, argumentation, and evaluation).
How important is good style in your students’ arguments?
Unique among argument texts, Discovering Arguments systematically directs students toward stylistic maturity.
Five unique “interchapters” on style and voice— after each of the first five chapters.
~Enables students to learn about language in positive ways, and solve common problems with diction, punctuation, and sentences—so that they can excel at what they say, as well as how well they say it.
~ Each style interchapter contains numerous embedded activities to reinforce the concepts and directs students immediately to extend those concepts to their own drafts.
What texts do your students analyze and write about for class?
In the second edition, Discovering Arguments presents readings and images on challenging controversies that are relevant and interestingto students.
NEW Chapter 5 on visual argument-- examines photographs, advertisements, cartoons and film through the lenses of logos, pathos and ethos. Includes ten images in full color.
NEW completely updated controversial topics-- cheating for success, stem cell research, national service, women in combat, affirmative action, same sex marriage, college sports and organ donation.
Readings by a wide variety of professional writers-- e.g., Ellen Goodman, Richard Selzer, Thomas Sowell, Deborah Tannen, and Martin Luther King Jr.
~Provides students with a large number of interesting articles, poems, essays, and stories on assorted topics. Discussion questions and writing topics follow each section in Chapter 2.
Chapter 6 on thinking critically and arguing about literature–examines poetry, fiction and literary non-fiction.
~Adds flexibility to the course and broadens the genres of texts students can analyze and argue about.
How much of your course focuses on research writing and documentation?
Through an unusually generous section on research, Discovering Arguments enthusiastically supports the research paper assignment and working with sources.
Four chapters devoted to research, sources, documentation and research writing—Based on guidelines of both MLA and APA styles.
~Offers students comprehensive chapters on library use (including virtual libraries), evaluation of evidence—especially Internet sources, documentation, and detailed guidelines for writing reports and persuasive research papers.
NEW Emphasis on helping students document their sources.
~Works Cited information provided after the reading selections invites students to analyze and evaluate. With correct models of Works Cited to follow, students can create Works Cited pages more easily for their own research papers.
Do your students always have their handbooks with them when they use their argument text?
Unique among argument texts, Discovering Arguments provides your students a concise handbook section.
A full section on “Grammar, Mechanics, and Usage” teaches students to recognize and correct basic sentence problems such as fragments, comma splices, agreement, punctuation, and other language skills.
New to This Edition
NEW Engaging, two-color design and larger pages– adds visual appeal and helps the book stay open.
NEW Chapter 5 on visual argument-- examines photographs, advertisements, cartoons and film through the lenses of logos, pathos and ethos, including ten images in full color.
NEW completely updated controversial topics-- cheating for success, stem cell research, national service, women in combat, affirmative action, same sex marriage, college sports and organ donation.
NEW Emphasis on helping students document their sources. Works Cited information provided after the reading selections invite students to analyze and evaluate. With clear, explicit models of Works Cited to follow, students can create Works Cited pages more easily for their own research papers.
NEW “Revision” activities in the style interchapters-- prompting students to apply tools of style immediately to drafts of their writing.
New to This Edition
NEW Engaging, two-color design and larger pages— adds visual appeal and helps the book stay open.
NEW Chapter 5 on visual argument-- examines photographs, advertisements, cartoons and film through the lenses of logos, pathos and ethos, including ten images in full color.
NEW completely updated controversial topics-- cheating for success, stem cell research, national service, women in combat, affirmative action, same sex marriage, college sports and organ donation.
NEW Emphasis on helping students document their sources. Works Cited information provided after the reading selections invite students to analyze and evaluate. With clear, explicit models of Works Cited to follow, students can create Works Cited pages more easily for their own research papers.
NEW “Revision” activities in the style interchapters-- prompting students to apply tools of style immediately to drafts of their writing.
CHAPTER 1
Communication and Persuasion: Logos, Pathos, Ethos
Noticing and Thinking
The process of thinking
The paradigm shift
Communicating Clearly and Effectively
Specific evidence
Writing an Opinion Essay
Finding your subject
Writing Persuasively
The Persuasive Appeals
Logos Pathos Ethos
Thesis Statements
Evaluating your thesis statement
Guide for thesis statements in persuasive essays
Engaging Your Audience
Titles Introductions Conclusions
Guide for Evaluating Writing
INTERCHAPTER 1
Style and Voice
Diction
Monosyllabic words Multisyllabic words
Pretentious writing
Other Features of Diction
Specific or general Concrete or abstract
Literal or figurative Avoid cliches Precise words
Language and Thought
Voice
Features of objective writing
The writing situation and voice
Tone
Analyzing attitude toward readers
Analyzing attitudes toward subject and self
Sentence Tools
Simple sentences Joining complete thoughts: coordination
Using semicolons to join complete thoughts
Solving Two Common Sentence Problems
Comma splices and run-on sentences
CHAPTER 2
Arguments and Controversies
Critical Reading and Writing:
Agree, Disagree or Maybe Both
Reading Tools
Asking questions Noticing insights Noticing assumptions
Noticing overgeneralizations
Analyzing and Evaluating Two Essays on a Controversy
Analysis and evaluation of Mitch Albom’s essay
Different ways to present other arguments
Analysis and evaluation of Thomas Sowell’s essay
Features of outlining Features of summarizing
Kinds of Evidence for Arguing: Examples, Reasons,
Authorities, Statistics
Using examples Using reasons
Using authorities Using statistics
Writing an Essay about a Local Issue
Writing a Report to Analyze and Evaluate an Argument
Guidelines for a report analyzing and evaluating an argument
Five Essays on Controversial Issues for a Report
National service Women in combat College or pro sports
Donating organs Stem cell research
Writing an Essay with Sources about a Controversy
Guidelines for writing an essay about a controversy
Organizing an essay about a controversy
Rogerian argument Advantages of presenting other arguments first
Guidelines for organizing an essay about a controversy
Readings on Controversial Issues: Three Case Studies
Cheating for Success Same Sex Marriage Affirmative Action
INTERCHAPTER 2
Voice and Emphasis
Diction and Repetition
Repeating words for emphasis Alliteration
Sentence Tools
Joining complete and incomplete thoughts: subordination
Colons and dashes and voice Underlining (italics) and voice
Parentheses and voice
Fine-tuning Sentences
Sentence fragments: pros and cons Conciseness
Omit needless words I Omit needless words II
CHAPTER 3
Strategies of Argumentation
Arguing by Induction and Deduction
Arguing by Illustration
Arguing by Narration and Description
Arguing by Refutation
Arguing from Comparison
Organizing comparison: block and alternate patterns
Arguing from Contraries
Using contradictions and paradoxes
Paradox and tolerance for ambiguity Either/or thinking
Arguing from Analogy
Explaining the mind
Arguing from Classification
Arguing from Cause and Effect
Arguing from Definition
Digging for roots of words
Definition Essay Using Various Strategies of Argumentation
Analyzing and Evaluating an Essay
Using the Toulmin Strategy to Argue
Kinds of arguments--kinds of claims Warrants
Guidelines for increasing the credibility of your arguments
Toulmin and the Psychology of Argument
Uncovering hidden values, beliefs, attitudes
Using the Toulmin Strategy to Analyze and Evaluate an Argument
Essays to Analyze and Evaluate with the Toulmin Strategy
INTERCHAPTER 3
Strategies of Repetition
Sentence Tools
Parallelism Anaphora Epistrophe
The Power of Threes in Sentences
Using threes in sentences: rising order or not
Varying Sentence Beginnings: Three Ways
Using -ing phrases Using -ed or -en phrases Using To phrases
CHAPTER 4
Problems in Reasoning
Finding the Facts
Implications, Assumptions, and Inferences
Fallacies
Problems of Insufficient Evidence
Overgeneralizing Card stacking Ad ignorantium
Post hoc ergo propter hoc
Problems Based on Irrelevant Information
Ad Baculum Ad hominem Fallacy of opposition
Genetic Fallacy Guilt by association Ad misericordiam
Ad Populum Bandwagon Plain folks and snob appeal
Ad Verecundiam Red herring Weak opponent
Tu quoque Oversimplification
Problems of Ambiguity
Amphibole Begging the question Equivocation
Loaded language False analogy
Problems of Faulty Reasoning
False dilemma (either/or thinking) Non sequitur
Rationalization Reductio ad absurdum Slippery slope
Reading and Writing Activities
INTERCHAPTER 4
Style and Contraries
Sentence Tools
Antithesis Antithesis and balanced sentences
Loose and periodic sentences
Fine Tuning Sentences
False starts Active and passive verbs
CHAPTER 5
Visual Arguments
Photographs
News photographs Guidelines for analyzing and evaluating images
Staged images Documentary photographs
Fotolog: A new photo phenomenon
Student essays analyzing and evaluating photographs
Like a photograph, a painting
Advertisements
Commercial ads Special considerations for analyzing and evaluating ads
Ads for social causes Student essays analyzing and evaluating advertisements
Cartoons
Cartoons and creativity Creativity and humor
Serious cartoons Editorial cartoons
Special considerations for analyzing and evaluating cartoons
Student essays analyzing and evaluating cartoons
Film
Writing about a film Guidelines for writing a film review
Organizing your film review Finding and synthesizing sources
Special considerations for using sources in a film review
Student film reviews
INTERCHAPTER 5
Analyzing Style
Tools of Style
Guidelines for Writing an Essay Analyzing and Evaluating Style
Analyzing and Evaluating the Style of a Passage
Analyzing and Evaluating the Style of an Essay or a Speech
Essays for Analysis and Evaluation
CHAPTER 6
Critical Thinking about Poetry, Fiction, and Literary Nonfiction
Reading and Writing about Poetry
The language of poetry Elements of poetry
Diction Imagery Figures of speech: metaphors,
similes, and symbols Tone Speaker
Sound patterns Structure Line breaks
Reading Notebook
Writing an Essay about a Poem
Guidelines for writing an essay about a poem
Student Essay Analyzing and Evaluating a Poem
Poems to Consider for Writing an Essay
Reading and Writing about Fiction
Elements of fiction Plot and conflict Character
Point of view Setting Moral issues
Writing an Essay about a Story
Guidelines for writing an essay about a story
Stories to Consider for Writing an Essay
Reading and Writing about Literary Nonfiction
Writing about a Literary Nonfiction Essay
CHAPTER 7
Library Strategies
Research Writing Options
The informational report The argument paper
Modern Research
Start in the Library
Preliminary reading Locating your research question
Strategy One: Finding Background Material
The general encyclopedias Specialized encyclopedias
Critical thinking in a research notebook
Strategy Two: Looking for Books
Bibliographies Online databases and bookstores
The Library of Congress online Other online sources
The public access catalog
Strategy Three: Look for Articles
Readers’ Guide to Periodical Literature Newspaper online archives
FirstSearch and ProQuest To use popular sources or not
Professional, technical, and specialty journals
Strategy Four: Look for Reports, Other Specialized Information
Government documents, reports Statistical information
Biographical sources online Book reviews
Strategy Five: Use Electronic Sources and Microform Readers
The Working Bibliography
Writing a Research Proposal
Giving the background research Describing your project
Explaining your methods and procedures
Anticipating problems and requirements in your project
Discussing the significance of your project
Listing your works cited or references
CHAPTER 8
Evaluating Evidence
Research and the Internet
Evaluation and the Internet
Millions of hits Print out Internet material
What Is a Reliable Site?
Evaluating Web sites Criteria for Web sites
Who Is the Author?
Identifying authors Caution on the Internet
Authority The establishment bias: an exception
Guidelines for evaluating authors
Reliable Information: On the Net and Off
Context Timely data Documentation and credibility
Hoaxes, jokes, conspiracies, and frauds
Guidelines for reliable information
Understanding Evidence
Active reading Questioning evidence
Primary and Secondary Evidence
A problem solving approach to research The weight of evidence
Magazines and journals Researchers’ rule Examining testimony
Considering the evidence itself Defining your terms
Occam’s razor: the rule of simplicity Remaining impartial
Remaining objective Determining relevance Significance
Claim Persuasion Judging probability
Evaluating statistical data Problems of questionnaires
Evaluating the Data: A Test Case
Summing up the evidence
CHAPTER 9
Documentation
How Much Documentation?
Research Problems to Avoid
The string of pearls Underresearched paper
Overworking the data Underdocumentation Plagiarism
Summarizing and Paraphrasing
Parenthetical References
What to Document
Direct quotations Words and ideas from a source
Paraphrases and restatements Discussing the same source
Source within a source Content notes
What Not to Document
Common knowledge
In-Text Rules
Use author’s name and signal phrase
Use name and title for more than one work by same author
Use shortened titles Use page numbers
Bibliography
Authors’ names Titles Place of publication
Shorten publishers’ names Copyright date
Basic Work Cited Model, Book (MLA)
Basic Work Cited Model, Periodical (MLA)
Books: MLA Works Cited Models
One author More than one book by same author