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Sociology

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Sociology of Education, The: A Systematic Analysis, 6/E
Jeanne H. Ballantine, Wright State University
Floyd M. Hammack, New York University

ISBN-10: 0131958941
ISBN-13: 9780131958944

Publisher: Prentice Hall
Copyright: 2009
Format: Paper; 512 pp
Published: 05/23/2008

Suggested retail price: $82.67
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Comprehensive, contemporary, and cross-cultural in perspective, this text provides a sociological approach to education—from several theoretical approaches and their practical application, to current educational issues, to the structure and processes that make education systems work.

 

New to this edition is co-author Floyd Hammack from New York University who brings his expertise in secondary education and its links with higher education.

  • An open systems model as framework–Shows the formal organization of schools with structure, goals and processes; the informal organization with hidden curriculum, organization climate, etc.; the external environment that influences what goes on in the school, including financing, parent(s), community interest groups, etc.; processes such as stratification and change; higher education. Diagrams show interrelationships between topics.

    • Instructors can use the framework in any order and can supplement with lectures, readings, monographs, videos on any of the many topics discussed. Additional material will fit into the framework easily. Helps students to see the interconnections between topics in the field.

  • Theoretical interpretations from major approaches–Functional, conflict and reproduction, interaction, exchange, and others. Uses historical development of perspectives in sociology of education and current issues as examples. Uses current theory and research examples.

    • Provides students with a balanced representation of theoretical perspectives used in the field, even if instructors lean toward one approach.

  • Applying Sociology to Education sections–Provides practical applications of concepts to students' own experiences.

    • Encourages students to think critically about, and use, the material.

  • “Putting Sociology to Work” sections–At the end of each chapter. Provides a number of thought/discussion questions and practical projects to help students use the material presented in the chapter.

    • Focuses students on aspects of the material, discussion in class, and projects in and out of class.

  • Current issues in each topic–e.g., Minority education; tracking charter schools; dropout and graduation rates; public vs. private schools; access to four-year schools from community colleges; funding/financing issues; business involvement in schools; etc.

    • Provides a springboard for more in-depth class lectures and for classroom activities such as debates, videos, and other forms of discussion.

  • Unique, separate chapter on international education–And cross-cultural material throughout the text.

    • Students learn about how education affects the global economy, comparative texts, and other topics.

NEW! New co-author Floyd Hammack (New York University) brings his expertise in secondary education and its links with higher education to the sixth edition.

 

NEW! Expanded material in Chapter 1 gives an overview of education in the 21st century.

 

NEW! Extensively updated material on educational problems.

 

NEW! Demographic information and relevant data have been updated throughout the text.

Preface            xiii

Chapter 1

Sociology of Education: A Unique Perspective on Schools   1

            The Field of Sociology of Education  2

                        What Sociologists Study 3

                        Why Study Sociology of Education? 3

                        Kinds of Questions Asked by Sociologists of Education 5

            Theoretical Approaches and the Development of Sociology of Education  6

                        Functionalist Theory 7

                        Conflict Theory 10

                        Interaction and Interpretive Theories 13

                        Recent Theories in the Sociology of Education 14

                        American Sociology of Education 16

            The Open Systems Approach  16

            Research Methods in Sociology of Education  21

            Sociology of Education in the Twenty-First Century  22

            Organization of the Book  23

Summary 

Sample study questions in sociology of education 

Putting sociology to work

 

Chapter 2

Conflicting Functions and Processes in Education:
What Makes the System Work            27

            Conflicting Functions of Education  27

            The Importance of Processes in Educational Systems  29

            The Function of Socialization: What We Learn and How We Learn It  29

                        The Early Childhood Education Controversy 30

                        Role of the Media and Commercials in Socialization 32

            The Function of Cultural Transmission and Process of Passing On Culture  36

                        Some Factors Affecting Learning 37

                        How to Pass On Culture 38

                        What Culture to Pass On 39

            The Function of Social Control and Personal Development  47

                        Violence and Discipline in Schools 48

            The Function of Selection and Allocation: The Sorting Process  51

                        The Testing Game 52

                        Achievement Tests 54

            The Function of Change and Innovation: The Process of Looking to the Future  55

Summary 

Putting sociology to work

 

Chapter 3

Education and the Process of Stratification   60

            The Crisis in Schooling  60

                        Education and Stratification in America 60

                        Education and Stratification Around the World 62

            The Process of Stratification: Is Inequality Inevitable?  63

                        Determinants of Social Class 64

                        Major Explanations of Stratification 67

            Stratification and Equality of Educational Opportunity  72

                        The Meaning of “Equality of Educational Opportunity” 72

                        Social Class Reproduction: The Debate over Public versus Private Schools 73

                        The Controversial Issue of “Choice” 75

                        Ability Grouping and Teacher Expectations 76

                        Financing Schools in the United States 85

Summary 

Putting sociology to work

 

Chapter 4

Race, Class, and Gender: Attempts to Achieve Equality of Educational Opportunity          89

            Gender and Equality of Educational Opportunity  90

                        Sex-Role Socialization 90

                        Sex Differences in the Educational System 92

                        Combating Gender Differences 100

            Class, Race, and Attempts to Rectify Inequalities in Educational Opportunity  102

                        Trends in Public School Enrollments 102

                        The Underclass and At-Risk Students 104

                        Research on Equality of Educational Opportunity 104

                        The Battle over Desegregation 106

                        Court Cases on Desegregation 106

                        Effects of Efforts to Desegregate Schools 109

                        Student Goals, Aspirations, and Future Prospects 109

            Integration Attempts  111

            Educational Experience of Selected Minorities in the United States  116

                        Hispanic Students 116

                        Immigrants 118

                        Asian American Students 120

                        Native American Students 121

                        Special Education Students 122

                        Gifted Students 125

            Improving Schools for Minority Students  126

Summary  

Putting sociology to work

 

Chapter 5

The School as an Organization           131

            Social System of the School  132

            Goals of the School System  134

                        Societal and Community Goals 134

                        School Goals 136

                        Individual Goals 137

            School Functions: The Purposes of the School  137

                        Diverse Functions 137

                        Unanticipated Consequences of Functions 138

                        Conflicting Goals and Functions 138

            The School as an Organization  139

                        The School as a Bureaucracy 140

                        Characteristics of Bureaucracy 140

                        Development of Schools as Bureaucracies 145

                        Problems in Educational Bureaucracies 147

                        Schools as “Loosely Coupled” Organizations 148

            Centralized versus Decentralized Decision Making:
The Fight over Control of Schools  149

                        Centralization of Decision Making 150

                        Decentralization 151

            Professionals in the Educational System  153

Summary 

Putting sociology to work

 

Chapter 6

Formal School Statuses and Roles: “The Way It Spozed to Be”        157

            The Meaning of Roles  157

                        Status and Roles in the System 157

                        The School Organization and Roles 158

                        Role Expectations and Conflict 159

                        Perspectives on Roles 159

            Roles in Schools  160

                        School Boards: Liaison Between School and Community 160

                        Superintendent: Manager of the School System 163

                        The Principal: School Boss-in-the-Middle 166

                        Teachers: The Front Line 170

                        Support Roles in the School: Behind the Scenes 181

Summary  

Putting sociology to work

 

Chapter 7

Students: The Core of the School       186

            Student Characteristics  186

                        Expectations for the Student Role 188

                        Learning the Student Role 189

                        Conflicting Expectations for the Student Role 191

                        Student Coping Mechanisms 191

            School Failures and Dropouts  192

                        Who Drops Out? 193

                        Why Students Drop Out 195

                        Gangs and Schools 195

                        School Crime and Violence 198

                        Retention and Suspension: School Reactions to Problem Students 199

                        Adolescent Employment and Dropping Out of School 200

                        The Future for Dropouts 201

                        Criticisms of the Student Role 203

            Students and the Informal System  205

                        Student’s Self-Concept 205

                        School Value Climate and Student Achievement 205

                        Teacher and Student Expectations 207

                        Peer Groups and Student Culture 207

                        Student Coping Strategies 210

            Students and Their Environments  213

                        Effects of Home Environment on
Educational Achievement 213

                        Family Background and Parental Involvement 215

                        Social Class Background 216

                        Parenting Styles 217

                        Family Aspirations 218

                        Single-Parent Homes 218

                        The Role of Mothers 219

                        The Number of Siblings 219

Summary  

Putting sociology to work

 

Chapter 8

The Informal System and the “Hidden Curriculum”:
What Really Happens in School?        223

            The Open Systems Approach and the Informal System  224

                        The Hidden Curriculum 225

                        Reproduction Theory and the Informal System 226

            The Educational “Climate” and School Effectiveness  227

                        The Value Climate 228

                        The School Climate and Effective Schools 229

                        Classroom Learning Climate 231

                        Student Friendship and Interaction Patterns in the Classroom 233

            Power Dynamics and Roles in the Informal System  238

                        Theoretical Explanations of Power Dynamics in the Classroom 239

                        Teacher Strategies and the Informal System 240

Summary 

Putting sociology to work

 

Chapter 9

The Educational System and the Environment: A Symbiotic Relationship    246

            The Environment and the Educational System  247

                        Types of Environments 248

            The School Systems’ Environments: Interdependence Between Institutions  250

                        Home and Family Influences on School 250

                        The Institution of Religion: Separation of Church and State 252

                        The Economics of Education: Financing Schools 256

                        The Political and Legal Institution 261

                        Communities and Their Schools 263

Summary 

Putting sociology to work

 

Chapter 10

The System of Higher Education        267

            History and Development of Higher Education  268

                        Historical Functions of Higher Education 268

                        Trends in Development of Higher Education 269

            Theoretical Approaches to Higher Education  272

                        The Expansion of Higher Education 273

                        Access to Higher Education 274

                        Stratification and Equal Opportunity in Higher Education 274

                        Elite versus Public Colleges 276

                        Admissions and the Courts 276

            Characteristics of Higher Education in the United States  278

                        Growth of Higher Education 279

                        The School-to-Work Transition and the Credential Crisis 279

            Functions of the Higher Education System  280

                        The University as a Community 281

                        The Function of Research 281

                        The Function of Teaching 281

                        The Function of Service 282

                        The Function of the “National Security State” 282

                        Conflicts over the University’s Function 282

                        The Academic Function of Universities versus Big Business 283

                        What Type of Curriculum? 285

            Higher Education as an Organization  286

                        Higher Education Structure and the Bureaucratic Model: Does It Work? 286

            Roles in Higher Education  290

                        Roles in Higher Education: The Clients 290

                        Gender and Race in Higher Education 291

                        The Graying of College Graduates 296

                        Roles in Higher Education: The Faculty 298

                        Faculty Issues in Higher Education 299

                        Roles in Higher Education: Administrators 304

            Environmental Pressures on Higher Education  305

                        Government Influence on Funding of Higher Education 305

                        The Courts and Affirmative Action 307

                        Environmental Feedback and Organizational Change 311

            Outcomes of Higher Education  312

                        Higher Education: Attitudes, Values, and Behaviors 312

                        The Value of a College Education 313

            Problems and Reform in Higher Education  315

Summary  

Putting sociology to work

 

Chapter 11

Educational Systems Around the World: A Comparative View         319

            The Field of Comparative Education

                                      Comparative Education as a Field of Study 322

                        Comparative Education and the Systems Approach 324

                                       Cross-Cultural Studies of Educational Systems  324

                        Comparative International Studies of Achievement 325

            Theoretical Perspectives in Comparative Education  330

                        Human Capital Perspectives

                        World System Analysis

                        “Legitimation of Knowledge” Perspective 333

                        Rich versus Poor: An Educational Typology 334\

                        Global Institutional Interdependence  339

                        Education and the Institution of Religion 340

                        Family, Social Class, and Education 341

                        Education and Economic Institutions 342

                        Political-Economic Divisions Between Societal Systems 345

                        Higher Education Around the World 347

Summary  

Putting sociology to work

 

Chapter 12

Educational Systems Around the World: Case Studies          353

            Education in Britain  354

                        Development of Education in Britain 354

                        Control and Decision Making in Education 356

                        Structure of the Educational System 356

                        Composition of British Schools 357

                        Exams and Credentials 358

                        Inequality in Education and Occupational Mobility 358

                        Higher Education in Great Britain: Elite versus Mass Education 359

            Education in the People’s Republic of China  360

                        Recent Historical Events Affecting China 361

                        The Drive Toward Modernization 361

                        Equality of Educational Opportunity

                        Status and Structure of Education in China 363

                        Higher Education in PRC 364

            Formal Education in Colonial Africa  365

                        Education in Ghana               

                        History of Ghanaian Education 366

                        Forms of Education 367

                        Nonformal Education in Africa

                        Structure of the Ghanaian Educational System 369

                        Equality of Opportunity in Ghanaian Education 369

                        Higher Education in Post-colonial Africa 370

Summary 

Putting sociology to work


Chapter 13

Educational Movements and Reform 373

            The Nature of Educational Movements  375

            Early Educational Movements 377

                        Early European Education: Purpose and Function for Society 377

                        Educational Movements in the United States 378

            Alternative Education and Related Movements  381

                        Third World Alternative Educational Movements 382

                        English Primary Schools 382

                        Open Classrooms 383

                        Back to Basics 384

                        Private Schools 386

                        Accountability Movements 387

                        Effective Schools and Educational Reform 388

            Structural and Curricular Changes in the Schools  389

                        The “School Choice” Movement 389

                        “Multiculturalism” and “Political Correctness” 391

                        Technology and the Classroom 392

                        No Child Left Behind Act of 2001                 

                        Other Movements, Reforms, and Fads 392

                        A Look into The Future

Summary 

Putting sociology to work

References       426

Index   469

    For junior/senior-level courses in Sociology of Education or Social Foundations of Education taught in sociology or education departments.

    Comprehensive, contemporary, and cross-cultural in perspective, this text provides a sociological approach to education—from several theoretical approaches and their practical application, to current educational issues, to the structure and processes that make education systems work.

  • 0130259748Sociology of Education, The: A Systematic Analysis, 5/E
    Ballantine
    © 2001 | Prentice Hall | Cloth; 496 pages | Instock
    ISBN-10: 0130259748 | ISBN-13: 9780130259745
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  • 0131958968Sociology of Education, The: A Systematic Analysis, CourseSmart eTextbook, 6/E
    Ballantine & Hammack
    © 2009 | Prentice Hall | Electronic Book; 496 pages | Instock
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