Infancy: Development from Birth to Age 3
Dana Gross

ISBN-10: 0205417981
ISBN-13: 9780205417988

Publisher: Allyn & Bacon
Copyright: 2008
Format: Cloth; 512 pp
Published: 03/26/2007

Suggested retail price: $106.40
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Infancy provides students with enough detail, without overwhelming them, in order to understand methodological issues, explore both practically and theoretically important topics, and engage students in thinking critically about development from birth to age 3.

  • Q. Are you and your students interested in the policy implications of infant development research?
    A. Policy considerations are included in whenever appropriate, to directly address students who might be asking, “So what?” For example, students learn:
    • How awareness of the harm caused by lead exposure led to changes in legislation regarding formulas for paint and gasoline;
    • How public health campaigns to keep babies safer by placing them on their backs to sleep led to reductions in the rate of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome;
    • How awareness of the benefits of human milk led to Healthy People 2010 goals to increase breastfeeding rates in the United States;
    • About the implications of parental leave policies in the United States and in a wide range of other countries;
    • About relevant evidence that helps us evaluate campaigns designed to provide infants with greater exposure to the music of Mozart.

  • Q. Do your students want to know more than just what the research shows? Do they want to know what they can do with this new knowledge?
    A. Infancy balances practical and theoretical issues, such as:
    • the implications of motor and locomotor development for parents and caregivers who want to make the environment safe for babies and toddlers on the go;
    • the factors that can smooth young children’s transition to being a sibling, incorporating the new sibling system into existing family relationships;
    • prelinguistic communication and the value of using gestures to help toddlers and caregivers communicate before real words or signs appear.

  • Q. Do you cover the history of infant development in your course?
    A. Infancy includes relevant historical information in many of the chapters to provide a broader perspective and highlight how far we’ve come in our understanding of the first 3 years of life. For example:
    • Chapter 1 contains a comprehensive chronology and many examples of historical perspectives on childhood and the study of child development
    • Chapter 2 considers the remarkable discoveries about genetics that have resulted from the Human Genome Project.
    • Chapter 3 reminds students that we did not always understand the vulnerability of the prenatal period.
    • Chapter 11 describes current research on early child care and early intervention as well as trends in women’s employment, maternity leave policies, and child care for infants and toddlers. 

 

  • Q. What kinds of examples do you use to grab your students’ attention?
    A. Each chapter begins with a thought-provoking, real-life scenario that highlights and introduces key issues and concepts. Examples of these scenarios include:
    • infants being sent to wet nurses in eighteenth-century Paris (Chapter 1);
    • linguist Werner Leopold’s classic longitudinal study of his infant daughter Hildegard’s development as a bilingual child (Chapter 2); and,
    • health and physical growth — including brain development — in an infant adopted from an East European orphanage (Chapter 5). 

 

  • Q. Is coverage of diversity an important consideration for you?
    A. Issues of diversity and multicultural experience are incorporated into virtually every chapter, illustrating how nature and nurture work together.  For example:
    • Chapter 5 examines nutritional needs and dietary patterns in the United States as well as the effects of malnutrition, which is a significant problem for infants and toddlers in many other parts of the world.
    • Chapter 7 introduces the notion of diversity by comparing examples of guided participation in different cultures. 
    • Chapter 8 reminds students that English is only one of the languages in the world, and many infants and toddlers grow up in a bilingual or multilingual community. 
    • Chapter 9 discusses diversity in infant-caregiver relationships and suggests that, across cultures, there are different expectations and beliefs about infants and the roles that mothers and fathers play in their care and development. 

Chapter 1:  Beliefs about Babies: Historical Perspectives on Infancy and Early Childhood

      Reasons to Study Infants

            Development as Transformation

            Impact of Early Experience

            Research Methods and Tools

            Interdisciplinary Collaboration

      Recurring Themes in the Study of Child Development

            The Path of Development: Stages versus Continuous Change

            Heredity and the Environment

            Active or Passive Development?

            Normal and Atypical Development

            Culture and Context

      Historical Perspectives on Children and Childhood

            Historical Studies of Children and Childhood

            Views of Children

            Family Life

            Education

      The Development of Child Development

            G. Stanley Hall

            James Mark Baldwin

            John B. Watson

            Arnold Gesell

            Child Research Institutes: Investigation and Dissemination

            Child Development after World War II

      Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion

Chapter 2:  Research Methods

      Research Settings

            Naturalistic Studies

            Laboratory Studies

      Research Designs

            Case Studies and Single-Subject Research

            Quasi-Experimental Studies

            Experimental Studies

      Research Designs for Studying Development

            Longitudinal Research

            Cross-sectional Research

            Microgenetic Research

      Research Measures

            Behavioral Responses

            Parental Reports

            Archival Research

      Issues in Research with Infants

            Behavioral State

            Inference and Interpretation

            Ethical Concerns

            Where Do Babies Come From?

      Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion

Chapter 3:  Conception and Prenatal Development

      Genetics and the Human Genome

            Genetics and Disease

            Genetics and Prenatal Development

      Conception

            Twins and Other Multiples

            Sex Chromosome Abnormalities

            Infertility and Assisted Reproduction

      Prenatal Development

            The Germinal Stage, Fertilization to 2 Weeks

            The Embryonic Stage, 2 to 8 Weeks

            The Fetal Stage, 8 Weeks to Birth (38 Weeks)

      Birth Defects

            Neural Tube Defects

            Congenital Heart Defects

      Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment

            Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis

            Ultrasound

            Maternal Blood Screening

            Chorionic Villus Sampling

            Amniocentesis

            Fetal Therapy

      Prenatal Influences

            Nutrition

            Alcohol and Drugs

            Disease

            Stress

            Environmental Hazards

            Paternal Influences

      Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion

Chapter 4:  Birth and the Newborn

      The Birth Process: Stages of Childbirth

            The First Stage: Contractions, Dilatation, and Effacement

            The Second Stage: Delivery of the Infant

            The Third Stage: Placental Expulsion

      Complications of Childbirth

            Failure to Progress

            Breech Presentation

            Preterm Birth

            Low Birth Weight

            Postdate Birth

            Twins and Other Multiple Births

      Childbirth Options

            Medical Interventions

            Hospital, Home, or Birth Center?

      Neonatal Assessment

            Assessment at Birth

            Reflexes

            Sensory Abilities

            Adaptations during the Neonatal Period

      Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion

Chapter 5: Growth, Health, and Nutrition

      Physical Growth

            Measuring and Predicting Growth

            Failure to Thrive

            Tooth Development

            Brain Development

            Maltreatment and the Brain

            Shaken Baby Syndrome

      Health and Safety

            Newborn Screening

            Screening for Lead Poisoning

            Infant Mortality

            Common Illnesses

            Accidental Injuries

            Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

      Nutrition and Feeding

            Nutritional Requirements in Infancy

            Nutritional Requirements in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood

            The Problem of Malnutrition

      Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion

Chapter 6:  Sensation, Perception, and Motor Development

      Sensory Abilities and Perceptual Development

            Theories of Infant Perception

            Vision

                        Perception of Objects

                        Perception of Depth

            Hearing

            Touch

            Taste

            Smell

            Intermodal and Cross-Modal Perception

            Other Senses

      Motor Development

            Reaching, Grasping, and Manipulating Objects

            Crawling and Walking

            The Role of Experience: Implications for Parents and Caregivers

      Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion

Chapter 7:  Cognition, Learning, and Intelligence

      The Development of Play

            Play with Objects

            Social Play

            Pretend/Symbolic Play

      Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

            Sensorimotor Intelligence: Constructing Knowledge through Action

            Six Stages of Sensorimotor Development

            Evaluating Piaget’s Theory of Sensorimotor Intelligence

      Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

            The Zone of Proximal Development

            Guided Participation: Learning as a Social Activity

            Evaluating Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

      Cognitive Science Perspectives on Early Learning and Memory

            The Development of Attention

            The Development of Memory

            Categorization

      Defining and Testing Intelligence in Infancy

            Traditional Tests of Infant Intelligence

            Information Processing Assessments of Infant Intelligence

      Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion

Chapter 8:  Language and Communication

      Why Language Matters

      Studying Language

      Prelinguistic Communication

            Receptivity to Language

            Speech Perception

            Early Production: Babbling

            Gestural Communication       

      Semantic Development

            Milestones in the Acquisition of Meaning

            One-Word Utterances

            Individual Differences: The Role of Language Experience

            Cultural and Linguistic Influences

            Explaining Early Word Learning

      The Acquisition of Grammar

            Multi-Word Utterances

            Grammatical Morphemes

            Overregularization

            Individual Differences in Early Grammar

            Cross-Linguistic Studies of the Acquisition of Grammar      

            Explaining Grammatical Development

      Atypical Language Development

            Measuring Language Development

            Early Language Delay

            Language and Communication in Children with Autism

      Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion

Chapter 9:  Relationships and Social Development

      Infant-Caregiver Relationships

            Beliefs about Infants: Patterns of Care and Interaction

            Developing Trust, Becoming Attached

            Attachment and Subsequent Development

      Disturbances in Infant-Caregiver Relationships

            Maternal Depression

            Maltreatment: Abuse and Neglect

            Early Institutionalization and Social Deprivation

      Sibling Relationships

            Becoming a Sibling

            How Siblings Contribute to Development

      Peer Relationships

            Peer Interactions

            Friendship

      Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion

Chapter 10: Temperament, Emotions, and The Self

      Temperament

            Defining and Measuring Temperament

            Temperament and Neurophysiological Responses

            Temperament and Attachment

            Temperament and Personality

      Emotions

            Expressing Emotions

            Perceiving Emotions  

            Communicating with Emotions

            Developing and Using Social Emotions

      The Self

            Recognizing the Self

            Evaluating the Self

      Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion

Chapter 11:  Building Better Babies: Child Care and Early Intervention

      Child Care

            Parental Leave Policies

            Maternal Employment

            Child Care Arrangements

            Effects of Child Care on Infants and Toddlers

            Including Children with Disabilities in Child Care

      Early Intervention

            Early Intervention through Child Care and Preschool

            Early Head Start

            Poverty as a Risk Factor: Implications for Prevention and Intervention

            Measuring the Impact of Early Childhood Interventions

      Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion

Chapter 12:  Babies of Today and Tomorrow: Music, Media, and Computers

      Music

            Listening to Music

            Making Music

            The Mozart Effect

      Media

            Television for Infants and Toddlers

            Barney & Friends

      Computers

            Interactive Books and Toys

      Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion

Dana Gross, Ph.D., is a Professor and Department Chair of Psychology and Affiliated Faculty of Asian Studies and Linguistic Studies at St. Olaf College, where she teaches an advanced seminar on Infant Development, as well as courses in Research Methods, Developmental Psychology, and Human Development in East Asia.  Dana Gross received her BA in Psychology from Smith College and her PhD in Child Psychology from the Institute of Child Development at the University of Minnesota. Dana’s research has been published in Child Development, Cognitive Development, and International Journal of Behavioural Development, among others. Dana has presented her work at numerous conferences, and served as consultant and co-author for several developmental textbooks.

 

 

 

Infancy provides students with the latest research in infant development so they may understand methodological issues, explore both practically and theoretically important topics, and engage in thinking critically about development from birth to age 3.

 

FEATURES:

 

Each chapter begins with a thought-provoking, real-life scenario highlighting key issues,  such as the practice ofinfants being sent to wet nurses in eighteenth-century Paris, and linguist Werner Leopold’s classic longitudinal study of his infant daughter Hildegard’s development as a bilingual child.

 

Public policy considerations for research are explored, such as how awareness of the harm caused by lead exposure led to changes in legislation regarding formulas for paint and gasoline,andhow awareness of the benefits of human milk led to Healthy People 2010 goals to increase breastfeeding rates in the United States.

Infancy balances practical and theoretical issues, such asthe research on prelinguistic communication and the value of using gestures to help toddlers and caregivers communicate before real words or signs appear.

Infancy broadens the perspective with relevant historical information, such as the remarkable discoveries about genetics that have resulted from the Human Genome Project, and the progress research has offered in understanding the vulnerability of the prenatal period.

 

Issues of diversity are incorporated into every chapter, such as the infant-caregiver relationships and the different expectations and beliefs about infants, mothers and fathers.



“These chapters are practical, informative, and include appropriate theory and evidence-based research.  It is an excellent text for undergraduate students in child development and related fields.” — Julie Parker, University of Southern Mississippi

 

Infancy balances strong yet streamlined coverage of the latest research in infant development with practical issues such as policy considerations and parenting applications. The topical organization of the text highlights the coherence, continuity, and change in specific aspects of development from birth to age three. Infancy also offers ample coverage of the historical and cultural contexts in which research has been conducted to provide a solid framework for critical thinking.

 

The author explores such public considerations as the impact of research into the effects of lead exposure on legislation regarding formulas for paint and gasoline,andhow awareness of the benefits of human milk led to the Healthy People 2010 goals to increase breastfeeding rates in the United States.

The interplay of nature and nurture is made evident through examination of cross-cultural variances in dietary patterns, language use, infant-caregiver relationships, and the different expectations and beliefs about infants and the roles that mothers and fathers play in their care and development. 


View a Sample Chapter PDF:

For Early Childhood Development


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