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Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing, Portable Edition, 10/E
X. J. Kennedy
Dana Gioia

ISBN-10: 0321475801
ISBN-13: 9780321475800

Publisher: Longman
Copyright: 2007
Format: Boxed Set; 2520 pp
Published: 11/01/2006

Suggested retail price: $93.40
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The most popular introductory anthology of its kind, Kennedy/Gioia’s Literature, Portable Edition continues to inspire students with engaging insights on reading and writing about stories, poems, and plays.

                              

Poets in their own right, editors X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia bring personal warmth and a human perspective to this comprehensive anthology.  Organized into three genres–Literature, Tenth Edition, presents readable discussions of the literary devices, illustrated by apt works, supported by useful writing tips, and followed by (now) seven full chapters devoted to writing.  A broad scope of traditional and contemporary works is provided, most headed by author images and richly detailed biographical notes and some followed by author commentary.  While maintaining the characteristics of its previous editions—accessible apparatus, expansive author representation—this tenth edition of Literature has been re-imagined to include new casebooks, a lively new design, and more writing coverage than ever before.

 

Literature, Portable Edition features four lightweight, paperback volumes—Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing—packed in a slipcase.  Kennedy/Gioia'a Literature is also available in the original hardcover edition and in an Interactive Edition that comes automatically with a specialized version of MyLiteratureLab, Longman's multimedia website designed specifically for Kennedy/Gioia users. 

 

  • A rich mix of selections from around the globe includes 66 exciting stories, nearly 500 of the discipline’s greatest, most teachable poems, and 18 important plays.
  • "Writers on Writing" sections (formerly "Writer's Perspectives") offer commentary from noted authors such as Ernest Hemingway, Gwendolyn Brooks, John Updike, Henrik Ibsen, and Rhina Espaillat on their craft, influences, and inspirations.
  • Author photos of all fiction writers, playwrights, and major poets humanize writers for students.
  • Chapter 25 “Poetry in Spanish: Literature of Latin America” provides students with the opportunity to experience poetry in a different language (and translation) and see how literature represents and illuminates a different cultural experience.
  • Nine extensive casebooks–five author casebooks and four new masterpiece casebooks on a single significant work–provide a wealth of material for in-depth study and research projects.
  • Generous and insightful writing coverage is evidenced through 15 sample student papers, writing advice in every elements chapter based on the chapter topic, and a final section, “Writing” with chapters on the writing process and specific suggestions for how to write about stories, poems, and plays.   
  • Thorough critical coverage is provided with 135 critical excerpts interspersed throughout the casebooks and in a comprehensive survey of ten major schools of literary criticism in the back of the text.  

  • Designed specifically for Kennedy/Gioia, a modified version of Longman's popular multimedia resource, MyLiteraureLab,will feature a rich array of film and audio clips, interactive readings, critical articles, student papers, and writing prompts.
  • A diverse array of new selections includes 11 new stories like Octavio Paz’s “My Life with the Wave,” Helena María Viramontes’s “The Moths,” Alice Munro’s “How I Met My Husband,” Dagoberto Gilb’s “Look on the Bright Side,” Yiyun Li's over 50 new poems, including works by Paul Laurence Dunbar, Alice Fulton, Jane Hirschfield, Suji Kwock Kim, Ted Kooser, David Lehman, Shirley Geok-lin Lim, Heather McHugh,  Jacqueline Osherow, Kenneth Rexroth, Charles Simic, Amy Uyematsu, and Gina Valdes, and 2 new plays: Rita Dove’s The Darker Face of the Earth and August Wilson’s Fences, as well as an except from Marlowe’s Dr. Fautus.
  • The new “Illustrated Shakespeare” features three major Shakespeare plays–Hamlet, Othello, and A Midsummer Night’s Dream–illustrated by dozens of attractive production photos to make the works more engaging and accessible to students.
  • Four new masterpiece casebooks focus on specific selections: Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Tell-Tale Heart,” Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper,” Alice Walker’s “Everyday Use,” and T. S. Eliot’s “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock,” presenting biographies, photographs, critical commentaries, and statements by the authors–everything a student would need to begin an in-depth study of the author or work.
  • “Writing Effectively,” a new feature in every chapter, provides a useful introduction to the principles of composition and critical thinking and features easy-to-use checklists, sample student papers, practical writing advice, and exercises.
  • Seven fully revised writing chapters at the end of Literature provide comprehensive coverage of composition and the research process.  New content emphasizes the process of writing, and rhetorical terms such as thesis, audience, and purpose are explained. The format and structure of the writing chapters has been reworked for today’s more visually oriented students, providing information in outline or checklist form whenever possible.
  • Chapter 48, “Writing an Essay Exam” and Chapter 49, “Writing a Journal” have been added in response to instructors’ request to meet the needs of classroom assignments.
  • An attractive new design gives the book a more open feel; headings and type have been freshened with a new layout and typographical treatment.  Author photographs appear silhouetted adding to their appeal.

* indicate selections that are new to this edition.

 

FICTION

1. READING A STORY

Fable, Parable, and Tales

 

W. Somerset Maugham, The Appointment in Samarra

* Aesop, The North Wind and the Sun

Bidpai, The Camel and His Friends

Chuang Tzu, Independence

Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm, Godfather Death

 

Plot

 

The Short Story

John Updike, A & P

 

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

 

Writers on Writing

John Updike, Why Write?

 

Writing About Plot

Paying Attention to Plot

Checklist: Analyzing Plot

Writing Assignment on Plot

More Topics For Writing

2. POINT OF VIEW

William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily

* Anne Tyler, Teenage Wasteland

James Baldwin, Sonny's Blues

* Eudora Welty, A Worn Path

 

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

 

Writers on Writing

James Baldwin, Race and the African American Writer

 

Writing About Point of View

How Point of View Shapes a Story

Checklist: Understanding Point of View

Writing Assignment on Point of View

More Topics for Writing

3. CHARACTER

Katherine Anne Porter, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall

Katherine Mansfield, Miss Brill 

* Tobias Wolff, The Rich Brother

Raymond Carver, Cathedral 

 

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

 

Writers on Writing

Raymond Carver, Commonplace but Precise Language

 

Writing About Character

How Character Creates Action

Checklist: Writing About Character

Writing Assignment on Character

More Topics For Writing

4. SETTING

Kate Chopin, The Storm

Jack London, To Build a Fire

T. Coraghessan Boyle, Greasy Lake

Amy Tan, A Pair of Tickets

 

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

 

Writers on Writing

Amy Tan, Setting the Voice

 

Writing About Setting

The Importance of Setting

Checklist: Analyzing Setting

Writing Assignment on Setting

More Topics For Writing

5. TONE AND STYLE

Ernest Hemingway, A Clean, Well-Lighted Place

William Faulkner, Barn Burning

 

Irony

* O. Henry, Gift of the Magi

Ha Jin, Saboteur

 

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

 

Writers on Writing

Ernest Hemingway, The Direct Style

 

Writing About Tone and Style

Be Style Conscious

Checklist: Thinking about Style and Tone

Writing Assignment on Tone and Style

More Topics For Writing

6. THEME

Stephen Crane, The Open Boat

* Alice Munro, How I Met My Husband

Luke 15: 11-32, The Parable of the Prodigal Son

Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., Harrison Bergeron

 

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

 

Writers on Writing

Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., The Themes of Science Fiction

 

Writing About Theme

Stating the Theme

Checklist: Determining a Story’s Theme

Writing Assignment on Theme

More Topics For Writing

7. SYMBOL

John Steinbeck, The Chrysanthemums

Shirley Jackson, The Lottery

Elizabeth Tallent, No One’s a Mystery

Ursula K. Le Guin, The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas

 

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

 

Writers on Writing

* Shirley Jackson, Reactions to "The Lottery"

 

Writing About Symbols

Recognizing Symbols

Checklist: Thinking about Symbols

Writing Assignment on Symbols

Student Essay, An Analysis of the Symbolism in Steinbeck's "The Chrysanthemums"

More Topics For Writing

8. EVALUATING A STORY

* Yiyun Li, A Thousand Years of Good Prayers

 

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

 

Writers on Writing

* Yiyun Li, “What I Could Not Write about Was Why I Was Writing”

 

Writing An Evaluation

Judging a Story’s Value

Checklist: Evaluating Fiction

Writing Assignment on Evauating Fiction

More Topics for Writing

9. READING LONG STORIES AND NOVELS

Leo Tolstoy, The Death of Ivan Ilych

Franz Kafka, The Metamorphosis

 

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

 

Writers on Writing

Franz Kafka, Discussing The Metamorphosis

 

Writing About Long Stories and Novels

Know What to Leave Out

Checklist: Wrting About a Long Story or Novel

Writing Assignment on Long Works of Fiction

Student Essay, Kafka's Greatness

More Topics for Writing

10. CRITICAL CASEBOOK: FLANNERY O'CONNOR

Flannery O'Connor,  A Good Man Is Hard to Find

Flannery O'Connor,  Revelation

* Flannery O'Connor, Parker’s Back

 

Flannery O'Connor on Writing

Flannery O'Connor, An Excerpt from “On Her Own Work”: The Element of Suspense in “A Good Man Is Hard to Find”

Flannery O'Connor, On Her Catholic Faith

Flannery O'Connor, An Excerpt from “The Grotesque in Southern Fiction”: The Serious Writer and the Tired Reader

Flannery O'Connor, Yearbook Cartoons

 

Critics on Flannery O'Connor

Robert Brinkmeyer Jr., Flannery O’Connor and Her Readers

J. O. Tate, A Good Source Is Not so Hard to Find: The Real Life Misfit

Mary Jane Schenck, Deconstructing "A Good Man Is Hard to Find"

* Kathleen Feeley, The Mystery of Divine Direction: “Parker’s Back”

 

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

 

Writing About an Author

How One Story Illuminates Another

Checklist:  Reading an Author in Depth

Writing Assignment on an Author

More Topics For Writing

11. CRITICAL CASEBOOK: 3 Stories in Depth

Edgar Allan Poe, The Tell-Tale Heart

 

Edgar Allan Poe on Writing

Edgar Allan Poe, The Tale and Its Effect

Edgar Allan Poe, On Imagination  

Edgar Allan Poe, The Philosophy of Composition 

 

Critics on “The Tell-Tale Heart”

Daniel Hoffman, The Father-Figure in “The Tell-Tale Heart”

* Scott Peeples, “The Tell-Tale Heart” as a Love Story

* John Chua, The Figure of the Double in Poe

 

Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper

 

Charlotte Perkins Gilman on Writing

* Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Why I Wrote “The Yellow Wallpaper”

* Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Whatever Is 

* Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Nervous Breakdown of Women

 

Critics on “Yellow Wallpaper”

Juliann Fleenor, Gender and Pathology in “The Yellow Wallpaper”

* Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, Imprisonment and Escape: The Psychology of Confinement

* Elizabeth Ammons, Biographical Echoes in “The Yellow Wallpaper”

 

Alice Walker, Everyday Use

 

Alice Walker on Writing

* Black Women Writers in America, Interview by John O’Brien 

* Alice Walker: “I Know What the Earth Says, ” Interview by William R. Ferris

 

Critics on “Everyday Use”

Barbara T. Christian, “Everyday Use” and the Black Power Movement

* Houston A. Baker and Charlotte Pierce-Baker, Stylish vs. Sacred in “Everyday Use”

* Elaine Showalter, Quilt as Metaphor in “Everyday Use”

12.   STORIES FOR FURTHER READING

Chinua Achebe, Dead Men's Path

Anjana Appachana, The Prophecy

Margaret Atwood, Happy Endings

Ambrose Bierce, An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge

Jorge Luis Borges, The Gospel According to Mark

Willa Cather,  Paul's Case

John Cheever, The Five-Forty-Eight

Anton Chekhov, The Lady with the Pet Dog

Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour

Sandra Cisneros, House on Mango Street.

Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal

Gabriel García Márquez, The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World

* Dagoberto Gilb, Look on the Bright Side

Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown

Zora Neale Hurston, Sweat

Kazuo Ishiguro, A Family Supper

James Joyce, Araby

Jamaica Kincaid, Girl

Jhumpa Lahiri, Interpreter of Maladies

D. H. Lawrence, The Rocking-Horse Winner

Bobbie Ann Mason, Shiloh

Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?

Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried

Tillie Olsen, I Stand Here Ironing

* Octavio Paz, My Life with the Wave

Leslie Marmon Silko, The Man to Send Rain Clouds

* Helena María Viramontes, The Moths

POETRY

13. READING A POEM

William Butler Yeats, The Lake Isle of Innisfree

 

Lyric Poetry

D. H. Lawrence, Piano

Adrienne Rich, Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers

 

Narrative Poetry

Anonymous, Sir Patrick Spence

Robert Frost, “Out, Out–”

 

Dramatic Poetry

Robert Browning, My Last Duchess

 

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

 

Writers on Writing

Adrienne Rich, Recalling "Aunt Jennifer's Tigers"

 

Writing a Paraphrase

Can a Poem be Paraphrased?

William Stafford, Ask Me

William Stafford, A Paraphrase of "Ask Me"

Checklist: Paraphrasing a Poem

Writing Assignment on Paraphrasing

More Topics for Writing

14. LISTENING TO A VOICE

Tone

Theodore Roethke, My Papa’s Waltz

Countee Cullen, For a Lady I Know

Anne Bradstreet, The Author to Her Book

Walt Whitman, To a Locomotive in Winter

Emily Dickinson, I like to see it lap the Miles

Benjamin Alire Sáenz, To the Desert

Weldon Kees, For My Daughter

 

The Person in the Poem

Natasha Trethewey, White Lies

Edwin Arlington Robinson, Luke Havergal

Ted Hughes, Hawk Roosting

* Suji Kwock Kim, Monologue for an Onion

William Wordsworth, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud

Dorothy  Wordsworth, Journal Entry

James Stephens, A Glass of Beer

Anne Sexton, Her Kind

William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow

 

Irony

Robert Creeley, Oh No

W. H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen

Sharon Olds, Rites of Passage

John Betjeman, In Westminster Abbey

Sarah N. Cleghorn, The Golf Links

* Edna St. Vincent Millay, Second Fig

* Joseph Stroud, Missing

Thomas Hardy, The Workbox

 

For Review and Further Study

William Blake, The Chimney Sweeper

* David Lehman, Rejection Slip

William Stafford, At the Un-National Monument Along the Canadian Border

H. L. Hix, I Love the World, As Does Any Dancer

Richard Lovelace, To Lucasta

Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est

 

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

 

Writers on Writing

Wilfred Owen, War Poetry

 

Writing About Voice

Listening to Tone

Checklist: Analyzing Tone

Writing Assignment on Tone

Student Essay, Word Choice, Tone, and Point of View in Roethke's "My Papa's Waltz"

More Topics for Writing

15. WORDS 

Literal Meaning:  What a Poem Says First

William Carlos Williams, This Is Just to Say

Marianne Moore, Silence

Robert Graves, Down, Wanton, Down!

John Donne, Batter my heart, three-personed God, for You

 

The Value of a Dictionary

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Aftermath

John Clare, Mouse’s Nest

J. V. Cunningham, Friend, on this scaffold Thomas More lies dead

Kelly Cherry, Advice to a Friend Who Paints

Carl Sandburg, Grass

 

Word Choice and Word Order

Robert Herrick, Upon Julia's Clothes

Kay Ryan, Blandeur

Thomas Hardy, The Ruined Maid

Richard Eberhart, The Fury of Aerial Bombardment

Wendy Cope, Lonely Hearts

 

For Review and Further Study

E. E. Cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town

Billy Collins, The Names

Anonymous, Carnation Milk

* Kenneth Rexroth, Vitamins and Roughage

* Gina Valdes, English con Salsa

Lewis Carroll, Jabberwocky

 

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

 

Writers on Writing

Lewis Carroll,  Humpty Dumpty Explicates "Jabberwocky"

 

Writing About Diction

Every Word Counts

Checklist: Thinking About Word Choice

Writing Assignment on Word Choice

More Topics for Writing

16. SAYING AND SUGGESTING

John Masefield, Cargoes

William Blake, London

Wallace Stevens, Disillusionment of Ten O’Clock

* Gwendolyn Brooks, Southeast Corner

Timothy Steele, Epitaph

* E. E. Cummings, next to of course to god america i

Robert Frost, Fire and Ice

Clare Rossini, Final Love Note

* Jennifer Reeser, Winter-proof

Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Tears, Idle Tears

Richard Wilbur, Love Calls Us to the Things of This World

 

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

 

Writers on Writing

Richard Wilbur, Concerning "Love Calls Us to the Things of This World"

 

Writing About Denotation and Connotation

The Ways a Poem Suggests

Checklist: Analyzing What a Poem Says and Suggests

Writing Assignment on Denotation and Connotation

More Topics for Writing

17. IMAGERY 

Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro

Taniguchi Buson, The piercing chill I feel

T. S. Eliot, The winter evening settles down

Theodore Roethke, Root Cellar

Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish

Anne Stevenson, The Victory

Charles Simic, Fork

Emily Dickinson, A Route of Evanescence

Jean Toomer, Reapers

Gerard Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty

 

About Haiku

Arakida Moritake, The falling flower

Matsuo Basho, Heat-lightning streak

Matsuo Basho, In the old stone pool

Taniguchi Buson, On the one-ton temple bell

Taniguchi Buson, I go

Kobayashi Issa, only one guy

Kobayashi Issa, Cricket

 

Haiku from Japanese Internment Camps

Suiko Matsushita, Rain shower from mountain

Neiji Ozawa, War forced us from California

Hakuro Wada, Even the croaking of frogs

 

Contemporary American Haiku

Etheridge Knight, Lee Gurga, Penny Harter, John Ridland, * Garry Gay, Adelle Foley, Jennifer Brutschy, Connie Bensley, A Selection of Haiku

 

For Review and Further Study

John Keats, Bright star! would I were steadfast as thou art

T. C. Hulme, The Image

Walt Whitman, The Runner

* William Carlos Williams, El Hombre

Chana Bloch, Tired Sex

Robert Bly, Driving to Town Late to Mail a Letter

* Rita Dove, Silos

Louise Glück, Mock Orange

Billy Collins, Embrace

John Haines, Winter News

Stevie Smith, Not Waving but Drowning

 

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

 

Writers on Writing

Ezra Pound, The Image

 

Writing About Imagery

Analyzing Images

Checklist: Thinking About Imagery

Writing Assignment on Imagery

Student Essay, Elizabeth Bishop's Use of Imagery in "The Fish"

More Topics for Writing

18. FIGURES OF SPEECH

Why Speak Figuratively?

Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Eagle

William Shakespeare, Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

Howard Moss, Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day?

 

Metaphor and Simile

Emily Dickinson, My Life had stood — a Loaded Gun

Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Flower in the Crannied Wall

William Blake, To see a world in a grain of sand

Sylvia Plath, Metaphors

N. Scott Momaday, Simile

Emily Dickinson, It dropped so low — in my Regard

Craig Raine, A Martian Sends a Postcard Home

 

Other Figures

James Stephens, The Wind

Margaret Atwood, You fit into me

John Ashbery, The Cathedral Is

George Herbert, The Pulley

* Dana Gioia, Money

* Charles Simic, My Shoes

 

For Review and Further Study

Robert Frost, The Silken Tent

* April Lindner, Low Tide

Jane Kenyon, The Suitor

Robert Frost, The Secret Sits

A. R. Ammons, Coward

Kay Ryan, Turtle

* Heather McHugh, Language Lesson, 1976

Robinson Jeffers, Hands

Robert Burns, Oh, my love is like a red, red rose

 

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

 

Writers on Writing

Robert Frost, The Importance of Poetic Metaphor

 

Writing About Metaphors

How Metaphors Enlarge a Poem's Meaning

Checklist: Analyzing Metaphor

Writing Assignment on Figures of Speech

More Topics for Writing

19. SONG

Singing and Saying

Ben Jonson, To Celia

Anonymous, The Cruel Mother

* William Shakespeare, O Mistress Mine

Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory

Paul Simon, Richard Cory

 

Ballads

Anonymous, Bonny Barbara Allan

Dudley Randall, Ballad of Birmingham

 

Blues

Bessie Smith with Clarence Williams, Jailhouse Blues

W. H. Auden, Funeral Blues

 

Rap

Run D.M.C.,  from Peter Piper

 

For Review and Further Study

John Lennon and Paul McCartney, Eleanor Rigby

Bob Dylan, The Times They Are a-Changin'

* Aimee Mann, Deathly

 

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

 

Writers on Writing

Paul McCartney, Creating "Eleanor Rigby"

 

Writing About Song Lyrics

Poetry’s Close Kinship with Song

Checklist: Looking at Lyrics as Poetry

Writing Assignment on Song Lyrics

More Topics for Writing

20. SOUND

Sound as Meaning

Alexander Pope, True Ease in Writing comes from Art, not Chance

William Butler Yeats, Who Goes with Fergus?

John Updike, Recital

William Wordsworth, A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal

 

Emanuel di Pasquale, Rain

Aphra Behn, When Maidens Are Young

 

Alliteration and Assonance

A. E. Housman, Eight O’Clock

* James Joyce, All Day I Hear

Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The splendor falls on castle walls

 

Rime

William Cole, On my boat on Lake Cayuga

James Reeves, Rough Weather

Hilaire Belloc, The Hippopotamus

* Ogden Nash, The Panther

William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan

Gerard Manley Hopkins, God’s Grandeur

Fred Chappell, Narcissus and Echo

Robert Frost, Desert Places

 

Reading and Hearing Poems Aloud

Michael Stillman, In Memoriam John Coltrane

William Shakespeare, Full fathom five thy father lies

Chryss Yost, Lai with Sounds of Skin

T. S. Eliot, Virginia

 

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

 

Writers on Writing

T. S. Eliot, The Music of Poetry

 

Writing About Sound

Listen to the Music

Checklist: Writing About a Poem’s Sound

Writing Assignment on Sound

More Topics for Writing

21. RHYTHM 

Stresses and Pauses

Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool

Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Break, Break, Break

Ben Jonson, Slow, slow, fresh fount, keep time with my salt tears

Sir Thomas Wyatt, With serving still

Dorothy Parker, Résumé

 

Meter

Max Beerbohm, On the imprint of the first English edition of The Works of Max Beerbohm

Thomas Campion, Rose-cheeked Laura, come

Edna St. Vincent Millay, Counting-out Rhyme

* Jacqueline Osherow, Song for the Music in the Warsaw Ghetto

A. E. Housman, When I was one-and-twenty

* William Carlos Williams, Smell!

Walt Whitman, Beat! Beat! Drums!

David Mason, Song of the Powers

Langston Hughes, Dream Boogie

 

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

 

Writers on Writing

Gwendolyn Brooks, Hearing "We Real Cool"

 

Writing About Rhythm

Freeze-Framing the Sound

Checklist: Scanning a Poem

Writing Assignment on Rhythm

More Topics for Writing

22. CLOSED FORM

Formal Patterns

John Keats, This living hand, now warm and capable

Robert Graves, Counting the Beats

John Donne, Song (“Go and catch a falling star”)

Phillis Levin, Brief Bio

 

The Sonnet

William Shakespeare, Let me not to the marriage of true minds

Michael Drayton, Since there’s no help, come let us kiss and part

Edna St. Vincent Millay, What lips my lips have kissed, and where, and why

Robert Frost, Acquainted with the Night

Kim Addonizio, First Poem for You

* Mark Jarman, Unholy Sonnet: Hands Folded

Timothy Steele, Summer

A. E. Stallings, Sine Qua Non

* R. S. Gwynn, Shakespearean Sonnet

 

The Epigram

Alexander Pope, Sir John Harrington, Robert Herrick, William Blake, E. E. Cummings, Langston Hughes, J. V. Cunningham, John Frederick Nims, Stevie Smith, Brad Leithauser, Dick Davis, Anonymous, Hilaire Belloc, Wendy Cope, A selection of epigrams

W. H. Auden, Edmund Clerihew Bentley, Cornelius Ter Maat, Clerihews

Other Forms

Robert Pinsky, ABC

Dylan Thomas, Do not go gentle into that good night

Robert Bridges, Triolet

Elizabeth Bishop, Sestina

 

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

 

Writers on Writing

* A. E. Stallings, On Form and Artifice

 

Writing About Form

Turning Points

Checklist: Thinking About a Sonnet

Writing Assignment on a Sonnet

More Topics for Writing

23. OPEN FORM

Denise Levertov, Ancient Stairway

E. E. Cummings, Buffalo Bill ’s

W. S. Merwin, For the Anniversary of My Death

William Carlos Williams, The Dance

Stephen Crane, The Heart

Walt Whitman, Cavalry Crossing a Ford

* Ezra Pound, Salutation

Wallace Stevens, Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird

 

Prose Poetry

Carolyn Forché, The Colonel

* Charles Simic, The Magic Study of Happiness

 

Visual Poetry

George Herbert, Easter Wings

John Hollander, Swan and Shadow

Terry Ehret, from Papyrus

Dorthi Charles, Concrete Cat

 

Found Poetry

Ronald Gross, Yield

Seeing the Logic of Open Form Verse

E. E. Cummings, in Just-

Carole Satyamurti, I Shall Paint My Nails Red

* Alice Fulton, Failure

 

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

 

Writers on Writing

Walt Whitman, The Poetry of the Future

 

Writing About Free Verse

Lining Up for Free Verse

Checklist: Analyzing Line Breaks in Free Verse

Writing Assignment on Open Form

More Topics for Writing

24. SYMBOL 

T. S. Eliot, The Boston Evening Transcript

Emily Dickinson, The Lightning is a yellow Fork

Thomas Hardy, Neutral Tones

Matthew 13:24-30, The Parable of the Good Seed

George Herbert, The World

* Edwin Markham, Outwitted

* John Ciardi, A Box Comes Home

Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken

Christina Rossetti, Uphill

* Christian Wiman, Postolka

 

For Review and Further Study

William Carlos Williams, The Term

Ted Kooser, Carrie

* Jane Hirshfield, Tree

Jon Stallworthy, An Evening Walk

Lorine Niedecker, Popcorn-can cover

Wallace Stevens, Anecdote of the Jar

 

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

 

Writers on Writing

William Butler Yeats, Poetic Symbols

 

Writing About Symbols

Reading a Symbol

Checklist: Analyzing a Symbol

Writing Assignment on Symbolism

More Topics for Writing

25. MYTH

Robert Frost, Nothing Gold Can Stay

D. H. Lawrence, Bavarian Gentians

William Wordsworth, The World Is Too Much with Us

H. D., Helen

 

Archetype

Louise Bogan, Medusa

* John Keats, La Belle Dame Sans Merci

 

Personal Myth

William Butler Yeats, The Second Coming

* Gregory Orr, Two Lines from the Brothers Grimm

Diane Thiel, Memento Mori in Middle School

 

Myth and Popular Culture

Charles Martin, Taken Up

* Andrea Hollander Budy, Snow White

Anne Sexton, Cinderella

 

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

 

Writers on Writing

Anne Sexton, Transforming Fairy Tales

 

Writing About Myth

Demystifying Myth

Checklist: Thinking About Myth

Writing Assignment on Myth

Student Essay, The Bonds Between Love and Hatred in H. D.'s "Helen"

More Topics for Writing

26. POETRY AND PERSONAL IDENTITY

Sylvia Plath, Lady Lazarus

Rhina Espaillat, Bilingual / Bilingüe

 

Culture, Race, and Ethnicity

Claude McKay, America

Samuel Menashe, The Shrine Whose Shape I Am

Francisco X. Alarcón, The X in My Name

* Amy Uyematsu, Deliberate

Judith Ortiz Cofer, Quinceañera

Yusef Komunyakaa, Facing It

 

Gender

Anne Stevenson, Sous-Entendu

Emily Grosholz, Listening

Donald Justice, Men at Forty

Adrienne Rich, Women

 

For Review and Further Study

Shirley Geok-lin Lim, Learning to love America

Andrew Hudgins, Elegy for My Father, Who Is Not Dead

Alastair Reid, Speaking a Foreign Language

Philip Larkin, Aubade

 

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

 

Writers on Writing

Rhina Espaillat,  Being a Bilingual Writer

 

Writing About the Poetry of Personal Identity

Poetic Voice and Personal Identity

Checklist: Writing About Voice and Personal Identity

Writing Assignment on Personal Identity

More Topics for Writing

27. TRANSLATION

Is Poetic Translation Possible?

 

World Poetry

Li Po, Drinking Alone Beneath the Moon (Chinese text)

Li Po, Moon-beneath Alone Drink (literal translation)

Li Po, translated by Arthur Waley, Drinking Alone by Moonlight

 

Comparing Translations

Horace, “Carpe Diem” Ode (Latin text)

Horace, “Carpe Diem” Ode (literal translation)

Horace, translated by Edwin Arlington Robinson, Horace to Leuconoe

Horace, translated by James Michie, Don’t Ask

Horace, translated by A. E. Stallings, A New Year’s Toast

Omar Khayyam, Rubai (Persian text)

Omar Khayyam, Rubai (literal translation)

Omar Khayyam, translated by Edward FitzGerald, A Book of Verses underneath the Bough

Omar Khayyam, translated by Robert Graves and Omar Ali-Shah, Our Day’s Portion

Omar Khayyam, translated by Dick Davis, I Need a Bare Sufficiency

 

Parody

Anonymous, We four lads from Liverpool are

Wendy Cope, From Strugnell’s Rubaiyat

Hugh Kingsmill, What, still alive at twenty-two?

Bruce Bennett, The Lady Speaks Again

Gene Fehler, If Richard Lovelace Became a Free Agent

Aaron Abeyta, thirteen ways of looking at a tortilla

 

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

 

Writers on Writing

Arthur Waley, The Method of Translation

 

Writing a Parody

Parody Is the Sincerest Form of Flattery

Checklist: Writing a Parody

Writing Assignment on Parody

More Topics for Writing

28. Poetry in Spanish: Literature of Latin America

Sor Juana

Asegura la Confianza de que Oculturá de todo un Secreto

Translated by Diane Thiel, She Promises to Hold a Secret in Confidence

 

Presente en que el Cariño Hace Regalo la Llaneza

Translated by Diane Thiel, A Simple Gift Made Rich by Affection

 

Pablo Neruda

Muchos Somos

Translated by Alastair Reid, We Are Many

 

Cien Sonetos de Amor (V)

Translated by Stephen Tapscott, One Hundred Love Sonnets (V)

 

Jorge Luis Borges

Amorosa Anticipación

Translated by Robert Fitzgerald, Anticipation of Love

 

Los Engimas

Translated by John Updike, The Enigmas

 

Octavio Paz

Con los Ojos Cerrados

Translated by Eliot Weinberger, With Our Eyes Shut

 

Certeza

Translated by Charles Tomlinson, Certainty

 

Surrealism in Latin American Poetry

Frida Kahlo, Two Friedas

César Vallejo, La Cólera que Quiebra al Hombre en Niños

César Vallejo, translated by Thomas Merton, Anger

 

Contemporary Mexican Poets

José Emilio Pacheco, Alta Traición

José Emilio Pacheco, translated by Alastair Reid, High Treason

* Francisco Hernández, Bajo Cero

* Francisco Hernández, translated by Carolyn Forché, Below Zero

* Tedi López Mills, Convalecencia

* Tedi López Mills, Convalescence

 

Writers on Writing

Octavio Paz, In Search of the Present

 

Writers on Translating

Alastair Reid, Translating Neruda

Writing Assignment on Spanish Poetry

More Topics for Writing

29. RECOGNIZING EXCELLENCE

Anonymous, O Moon, when I gaze on thy beautiful face

Grace Treasone, Life

Emily Dickinson, A Dying Tiger — moaned for Drink

Rod McKuen, Thoughts on Capital Punishment

William Stafford, Traveling Through the Dark

Wallace McRae, Reincarnation

 

Recognizing Excellence

William Butler Yeats, Sailing to Byzantium

Arthur Guiterman, On the Vanity of Earthly Greatness

Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias

Robert Hayden, The Whipping

Elizabeth Bishop, One Art

W. H. Auden, September 1, 1939

 

Evaluating Famous Poems

Walt Whitman, O Captain! My Captain!

Emma Lazarus, The New Colossus

* Paul Laurence Dunbar, We Wear the Mask

Edgar Allan Poe, Annabel Lee

 

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

 

Writers on Writing

Edgar Allan Poe, A Long Poem Does Not Exist

 

Writing an Evaluation

You Be the Judge

Checklist: Evaluating a Poem

Writing Assignment on Evaluating a Poem

More Topics for Writing

30. WHAT IS POETRY?

Archibald MacLeish, Ars Poetica

 

Dante, Samuel Johnson, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth, Thomas Carlyle, Thomas Hardy, Emily Dickinson, Gerard Manley Hopkins, Robert Frost, Wallace Stevens, Mina Loy, T. S. Eliot, W. H. Auden, J. V. Cunningham, Elizabeth Bishop, Jorge Luis Borges, Octavio Paz, William Stafford, Gwendolyn Brooks, Robert Bly, Some Definitions of Poetry

 

Ha Jin, Missed Time

31. TWO CRITICAL CASEBOOKS: EMILY DICKINSON AND LANGSTON HUGHES

Emily Dickinson

Success is counted sweetest

* I taste a liquor never brewed

Wild Nights — Wild Nights!

I Felt a Funeral, in my Brain

I'm Nobody! Who are you?

* I Dwell in Possibility

The Soul selects her own Society

Some keep the Sabbath going to Church

After great pain, a formal feeling comes

This is my letter to the World

I heard a Fly buzz — when I died

I started Early — Took my Dog

Because I could not stop for Death

The Bustle in a House

Tell all the Truth but tell it slant

 

Emily Dickinson on Emily Dickinson

Emily Dickinson, Recognizing Poetry

Emily Dickinson, Self-Description

 

Critics on Emily Dickinson

Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Meeting Emily Dickinson

Thomas H. Johnson, The Discovery of Emily Dickinson’s Manuscripts

Richard Wilbur, The Three Privations of Emily Dickinson

Cynthia Griffin Wolff, Dickinson and Death (A Reading of “Because I could not stop for Death”)

Judith Farr, A Reading of “My Life had stood — a Loaded Gun”

 

Langston Hughes

The Negro Speaks of Rivers 

Mother to Son 

Dream Variations

I, Too 

The Weary Blues

Song for a Dark Girl

Prayer

End 

* Ku Klux

Ballad of the Landlord 

Theme for English B

Subway Rush Hour 

Sliver 

* As Befits a Man

Harlem [Dream Deferred]

 

Langston Hughes on Langston Hughes

Langston Hughes, The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain

Langston Hughes, The Harlem Renaissance

 

Critics on Langston Hughes

Arnold Rampersad, Hughes as an Experimentalist

Rita Dove and Marilyn Nelson, Langston Hughes and Harlem

Darryl Pinckney, Black Identity in Langston Hughes

Peter Townsend, Langston Hughes and Jazz

Onwuchekwa Jemie, A Reading of "Dream Deferred"

For Further Reading

Topics for Writing

32. CRITICAL CASEBOOK:  T. S. ELIOT’S “THE LOVE SONG OF J. ALFRED PRUFROCK”

T. S. Eliot

T. S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock

 

Publishing “Prufrock”

* Ezra Pound, Letters to Harriet Monroe on “Prufrock”

 

The Reviewers on Prufrock and Other Observations: 1917-1918

* Unsigned, Review from Times Literary Supplement

* Unsigned, Review from Literary World

* Unsigned, Review from New Statesman

* Conrad Aiken, Divers Realists

* Babette Deutsch, Another Impressionist

* Marianne Moore, A Note on T. S. Eliot’s Book

* May Sinclair, Prufrock and Other Observations: A Criticism

 

T. S. Eliot on Writing

* T. S. Eliot, Poetry and Emotion 

* T. S. Eliot, The Objective Correlative 

* T. S. Eliot, The Difficulty of Poetry

 

Critics on “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”

* Christopher Ricks, What’s in a Name?

* Philip R. Headings, The Pronouns in the Poem: “One,” “You,” and “I”

* Maud Ellmann, Will There Be Time?

* Denis Donoghue, One of the Irrefutable Poets

* Burton Raffel, “Indeterminacy” in Eliot’s Poetry

* John Berryman, Prufrock’s Dilemma

* M. L. Rosenthal, from “Adolescents Singing

 

Topics for Writing

33. POEMS FOR FURTHER READING

Anonymous, Lord Randall

Anonymous, The Three Ravens

Anonymous, The Twa Corbies

Anonymous, Last Words of the Prophet (Navajo Mountain Chant)

Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach

John Ashbery, At North Farm

* Margaret Atwood, Siren Song

W. H. Auden, As I Walked Out One Evening

W. H. Auden, Musée des Beaux Arts

Elizabeth Bishop, Filling Station

William Blake, The Tyger

William Blake, The Sick Rose

Eavan Boland, Anorexic

Gwendolyn Brooks, The Mother

Gwendolyn Brooks, the preacher: ruminates behind the sermon

Elizabeth Barrett Browning, How Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count the Ways

Robert Browning, Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister

Geoffrey Chaucer, Merciless Beauty

G. K. Chesterton, The Donkey

Lucille Clifton, Homage to my hips

Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan

Billy Collins, Care and Feeding

Hart Crane, My Grandmother's Love Letters

E. E. Cummings, somewhere i have never travelled,gladly beyond

* Marisa de los Santos, Perfect Dress

John Donne, Death be not proud

John Donne, The Flea

John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning

John Dryden, To the Memory of Mr. Oldham

T. S. Eliot, Journey of the Magi

Louise Erdrich, Indian Boarding School: The Runaways

B. H. Fairchild, A Starlit Night

Robert Frost, Birches

Robert Frost, Mending Wall

Robert Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening

Allen Ginsberg, A Supermarket in California

Thom Gunn, The Man with Night Sweats

Donald Hall, Names of Horses

Thomas Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain

Thomas Hardy, The Darkling Thrush

Thomas Hardy, Hap

Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays

Seamus Heaney, Digging

Anthony Hecht, Adam

George Herbert, Love

Robert Herrick, To the Virgins to Make Much of Time

Gerard Manley Hopkins, Spring and Fall

Gerard Manley Hopkins, No worst, there is none

Gerard Manley Hopkins, The Windhover

A. E. Housman, Loveliest of trees, the cherry now

A. E. Housman, To an Athlete Dying Young

Randall Jarrell, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner

Robinson Jeffers, To the Stone-cutters

Ben Jonson, On My First Son

* Donald Justice, On the Death of Friends in Childhood

John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn

John Keats, When I have fears that I may cease to be

John Keats, To Autumn

* Ted Kooser, Abandoned Farmhouse

Philip Larkin, Home is so Sad

Philip Larkin, Poetry of Departures

Irving Layton, The Bull Calf

* Denise Levertov, The Ache of Marriage

Philip Levine, They Feed They Lion

* Shirley Geok-lin Lim, Riding into California

Robert Lowell, Skunk Hour

Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress

Edna St. Vincent Millay, Recuerdo

John Milton, How soon hath time

John Milton, When I consider how my light is spent

Marianne Moore, Poetry

Frederick Morgan, The Master

Marilyn Nelson, A Strange Beautiful Woman

Howard Nemerov, The War in the Air 

* Lorine Niedecker, Poet’s Work

Yone Noguchi, A Selection of Hokku

Sharon Olds, The One Girl at the Boys’ Party

Wilfred Owen, Anthem for Doomed Youth

Linda Pastan, Ethics

Robert Phillips, Running on Empty

Sylvia Plath, Daddy

Edgar Allan Poe, A Dream within a Dream

Alexander Pope, A little Learning is a dang’rous Thing

Ezra Pound, The River-Merchant’s Wife: a Letter

Dudley Randall, A Different Image

John Crowe Ransom, Piazza Piece

Henry Reed, Naming of Parts

Adrienne Rich, Living in Sin

Edwin Arlington Robinson, Miniver Cheevy

Theodore Roethke, Elegy for Jane

Mary Jo Salter, Welcome to Hiroshima

William Shakespeare, When, in disgrace with Fortune and men’s eyes

William Shakespeare, Not marble nor the gilded monuments

William Shakespeare, That time of year thou mayst in me behold

William Shakespeare, My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun

Louis Simpson, American Poetry

David R. Slavitt, Titanic

Christopher Smart, For I will consider my Cat Jeoffry

William Jay Smith, American Primitive

Cathy Song, Stamp Collecting

William Stafford, The Farm on the Great Plains

Wallace Stevens, The Emperor of Ice-Cream

Jonathan Swift, A Description of the Morning

* Larissa Szporluk, Vertigo

Sara Teasdale, The Flight

Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Dark house, by which once more I stand

Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses

Dylan Thomas, Fern Hill

John Updike, Ex-Basketball Player

Derek Walcott, The Virgins

Edmund Waller, Go, Lovely Rose

* Walt Whitman, Song of the Open Road

Walt Whitman, I Hear America Singing

Richard Wilbur, The Writer

C. K. Williams, Elms

William Carlos Williams, Spring and All

William Carlos Williams, To Waken an Old Lady

William Wordsworth, Composed upon Westminster Bridge

James Wright, A Blessing

James Wright, Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio

Mary Sidney Wroth, In This Strange Labyrinth

Sir Thomas Wyatt, They flee from me that sometime did me sekë

William Butler Yeats, Crazy Jane Talks with the Bishop

William Butler Yeats, The Magi

William Butler Yeats, When You Are Old

* Bernice Zamora, Penitents

34.  LIVES OF THE POETS

DRAMA

35. READING A PLAY

A Play in Its Elements

Susan Glaspell, Trifles

 

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

 

Writers on Writing

Susan Glaspell, Creating Trifles

 

Writing About Conflict

Conflict Resolution

Checklist: Analyzing Conflict

Writing Assignment on Conflict

Student Essay, Outside Trifles

More Topics for Writing

36.  MODES OF DRAMA: TRAGEDY & COMEDY

Tragedy

* Christopher Marlowe, A Scene from Doctor Faustus (in which Faustus sells his soul to the devil; Act 2, Scene 1)

 

Comedy

David Ives, Sure Thing

Jane Martin, Beauty

 

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

 

Writers on Writing

* David Ives, On the One-Act Play

 

Writing About Comedy

Getting Serious About Comedy

Checklist:Writing About a Comedy

Writing Assignment on Comedy

More Topics for Writing

37. CRITICAL CASEBOOK: SOPHOCLES

The Theater of Sophocles

Staging

The Civic Role of Greek Drama

Aristotle's Concept of Tragedy

 

The Origins of Oedipus the King

Sophocles, Oedipus the King (Translated by Dudley Fitts and Robert Fitzgerald)

 

The Background of Antigonê

Sophocles, Antigonê (Translated by Dudley Fitts and Robert Fitzgerald)

 

Critics on Sophocles

Aristotle, Defining Tragedy

Sigmund Freud, The Oedipus Complex

E. R. Dodds, On Misunderstanding Oedipus

A. E. Haigh, The Irony of Sophocles

*  David Wiles, The Chorus as Democrat

Patricia M. Line, Antigonê's Flaw 

 

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

 

Writers on Writing 

Robert Fitzgerald, Translating Sophocles into English

 

Writing About Ancient Greek Tragedy

Some Things Change. Some Things Don't.

Checklist: Analyzing Ancient Greek Tragedy

Writing Assignment on Sophocles

More Topics for Writing

38. CRITICAL CASEBOOK: SHAKESPEARE

The Theater of Shakespeare

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

Plays

A Note on Othello

William Shakespeare, Othello, the Moor of Venice

 

The Background of Hamlet

William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark

 

The Background of A Midsummer Night’s Dream

William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream  

 

Critics on Shakespeare

A. C. Bradley, Hamlet's Character 

Rebecca West, Hamlet and Ophelia 

Jan Kott, Producing Hamlet 

Joel Wingard, Reader-Response Issues in Hamlet

W. H. Auden, Iago as a Triumphant Villain 

Maud Bodkin, Lucifer on Shakespeare's Othello 

Virginia Mason Vaughan, Black and White in Othello 

Anthony Burgess, An Asian Culture Looks at Shakespeare 

* Claire Asquith, Shakespeare’s Language as a Hidden Political Code

Germaine Greer, Shakespeare’s “Honest Mirth”

Linda Bamber, Female Power in A Midsummer Night's Dream 

 

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

 

Writers on Writing

Ben Jonson, On His Friend And Rival William Shakespeare

 

Writing About Shakespeare

Breaking the Language Barrier

Checklist: Writing About a Shakespearean Play

Writing Assignment on Tragedy

Student Essay, Othello: Tragedy or Soap Opera?

More Topics For Writing

39. THE MODERN THEATER

Realism and Naturalism

 

Henrik Ibsen, A Doll's House  (Translated by James McFarlane)

 

Writers on Writing

* Henrik Ibsen, Correspondence on the Final Scene of A Doll’s House

 

Tragicomedy and the Absurd

 

Milcha Sanchez-Scott, The Cuban Swimmer

 

Writers on Writing

Milcha Sanchez-Scott, Writing The Cuban Swimmer

 

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

 

Writing About Dramatic Realism

What's so Realistic About Realism?

Checklist: Writing About a Realist Play

Writing Assignment on Realism

Student Essay, Helmer vs. Helmer

More Topics for Writing

40. EVALUATING A PLAY

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

 

Writing an Evaluation of a Play

Judging a Play’s Greatness

Checklist: Evaluating a Play

Writing Assignment on Evaluation

More Topics for Writing

41. PLAYS FOR FURTHER READING

Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman

Writers on Writing

Arthur Miller, Tragedy and the Common Man

 

Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie

Writers on Writing

Tennessee Williams, How to Stage The Glass Menagerie

42. NEW VOICES IN AMERICAN DRAMA

* Rita Dove, The Darker Face of the Earth

Writers on Writing

* Rita Dove, The Inspiration for The Darker Face of the Earth

 

Beth Henley, Am I Blue?

Writers on Writing

Beth Henley,What’s in a Title?

 

David Henry Hwang, The Sound of a Voice

Writers on Writing

David Henry Hwang, Multicultural Theater

 

Terrence McNally, Andre's Mother

Writers on Writing

Terrence McNally, How to Write a Play

 

* August Wilson, Fences

Writers on Writing

* August Wilson, A Look into Black America

*  WRITING  (ALL NEWLY REVISED)

43. WRITING ABOUT LITERATURE

Start by Reading Actively

Robert Frost, Nothing Gold Can Stay

Planning Your Essay

Prewriting: Discovering Ideas

            Brainstorming

            Clustering

            Listing

            Freewriting

            Journaling

            Outlining

Developing a Literary Argument

            Purpose

            Audience

            Topic

            Thesis

            Argument

                        Claims

                        Persuasion

                        Evidence

                        Warrants

                        Credibility

            Organization

            Checklist: Developing an Argument

Writing a Rough Draft

Sample Student Essay, Rough Draft

Revising

            Checklist: Revision Steps

Some General Advice on Rewriting

Sample Student Essay, Final Draft

Using Critical Sources and Maintaining Academic Integrity

The Form of your Finished Paper

Spell-Check and Grammar-Check Programs

Anonymous (after a poem by Jerrold H. Zar), A Little Poem Regarding Computer Spell Checkers

44. WRITING ABOUT A STORY

Start with Active Reading

Thinking About the Text

Preparing to Write: Discovering Ideas

Writing a First Draft

            CHECKLIST: WRITING A ROUGH DRAFT

Revising

            CHECKLIST: REVISION

What’s Your Purpose? Some Common Approaches to Writing About Fiction

Explication

            Sample Student Essay (Explication)

Analysis

            Sample Student Essay (Analysis)

The Card Report

            Sample Student Card Report

Comparison and Contrast

            Sample Student Essay (Comparison and Contrast)

Topics for Writing

45. WRITING ABOUT A POEM

Getting Started

Reading Actively

Robert Frost, Design

Thinking About a Poem

Preparing to Write

Writing a First Draft

            CHECKLIST: WRITING A ROUGH DRAFT

Revising

            CHECKLIST: REVISION

Some Common Approaches to Writing About Poetry

Explication

            Sample Student Essay (Explication)

Randall Jarrell, On Frost’s “Design”

Analysis

            Sample Student Essay (Analysis)

Comparison and Contrast

Abbie Huston Evans, Wing-Spread

            Sample Student Essay (Comparison and Contrast)

How to Quote a Poem

Topics for Writing

Robert Frost, In White

46. WRITING ABOUT A PLAY

Reading a Play

Some Methods of Writing About Drama

Explication

Analysis

Comparison and Contrast

Card Report

            Sample Student Card Report

A Review

            Sample Student Drama Review

How to Quote a Play

Topics for Writing

47. WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER

Getting Started

Choosing a Topic

Finding Research Sources

Finding Print Resources

Using Online Databases

Using Visual Images

            CHECKLIST:  USING VISUAL IMAGES

Finding Reliable Web Sources

            CHECKLIST: FINDING SOURCES

Evaluating Sources

Print Resources

Choose Web Sources Carefully

CHECKLIST: EVALUATING SOURCES

Organizing Your Research

Refining Your Thesis

Organizing Your Paper

Writing and Revising

Guarding Academic Integrity

Papers for Sale Are Papers that “F”ail

A Warning Against Internet Plagiarism

Acknowledging Sources

Quoting a Source

Citing Ideas

Documenting Sources Using MLA Style

List of Sources

Parenthetical References

Works Cited List

Citing Print Sources in MLA Style

Citing Internet Sources in MLA Style

Sample Works Cited List

Endnotes and Footnotes

Sample Student Research Paper - Page xxxx

Concluding Thoughts

Reference Guide for Citations

48. WRITING AS DISCOVERY: KEEPING A JOURNAL

Sample Student Journal Entry

49. WRITING AN ESSAY EXAM

 

50.  CRITICAL APPROACHES TO LITERATURE

Formalist Criticism

Cleanth Brooks, The Formalist Critic

Michael Clark, Light and Darkness in "Sonny's Blues"

Robert Langbaum, On Robert Browning’s “My Last Duchess”

 

Biographical Criticism

Virginia Llewellyn Smith, Chekhov's Attitude to Romantic Emily Toth,

The Source for Alcée Laballière in “The Storm”

Brett C. Millier, On Elizabeth Bishop’s “One Art”

 

Historical Criticism

Hugh Kenner, Imagism

Joseph Moldenhauer, "To His Coy Mistress" and the Renaissance Tradition

* Kathryn Lee Seidel, The Economics of “Sweat”

 

Psychological Criticism

Sigmund Freud, The Nature of Dreams

Gretchen Schulz and R. J. R. Rockwood, Fairy Tale Motifs in “Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?”

Harold Bloom, Poetic Influence

 

Mythological Criticism

C. J. Jung, The Collective Unconscious and Archetypes

Northrop Frye, Mythic Archetypes

Edmond Volpe, Myth in Faulkner's "Barn Burning"

 

Sociological Criticism

Georg Lukacs, Content Determines Form

Daniel P. Watkins, Money and Labor in "The Rocking-Horse Winner"

Alfred Kazin, Walt Whitman and Abraham Lincoln

 

Gender Criticism

Elaine Showalter, Toward a Feminist Poetics

* Nina Pelikan Straus, Transformations in The Metamorphosis

Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, The Freedom of Emily Dickinson

 

Reader-Response Criticism

Stanley Fish, An Eskimo “A Rose for Emily”

Michael J. Colacurcio, The End of Young Goodman Brown

Robert Scholes, “How Do We Make a Poem?”

 

Deconstructionist Criticism

Roland Barthes, The Death of the Author

Barbara Johnson, Rigorous Unreliability

Geoffrey Hartman, On Wordsworth’s “A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal”

 

Cultural Studies

Vincent B. Leitch, Poststructuralist Cultural Critique

Mark Bauerlein, What Is Cultural Studies?

* Camille Paglia, On Blake’s “The Chimney Sweeper”

GLOSSARY OF LITERARY TERMS

 

LITERARY ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

 

PHOTO ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

 

INDEX OF FIRST LINES OF POETRY

 

INDEX OF AUTHORS AND TITLES

 

INDEX OF LITERARY TERMS

 

LIST OF AUTHORS (INSIDE FRONT COVER)

 

Writing Resources in Literature (Inside Back Cover)