Prentice Hall
Information Technology
Browse available resources for Training & Certification:
- Select a resource
- Resources for Training & Certification National Center for Women & Information Technology
ISBN-10: 0789737167
ISBN-13: 9780789737168
Publisher: Exam Cram
Copyright: 2008
Format: Paper Bound w/CD-ROM; 696 pp
Published: 12/19/2007
Suggested retail price: $39.99
Buy from myPearsonStore
Your Complete Certification Solution
In this book you’ll learn how to:
- Understand the foundations of network communication as described in the OSI and TCP/IP models
- Accurately design and troubleshoot networks using IP subnetting skills
- Understand the operational components and models of Cisco® routers and switches
- Perform basic navigation and configurations using Cisco IOS® Software and Cisco Secure Device Manager
- Apply techniques to secure networks
- Implement and troubleshoot Distance Vector (RIPv2) routing protocols
- Implement and troubleshoot NAT, DHCP, and DNS operation on a router
- Implement and secure wireless LANs (WLANs)
- Implement and verify basic WAN links
CD Features New Simulation Questions!
The CD features innovative testing software powered by MeasureUp, an electronic copy of the book, and 75 minutes of video instruction that highlight five scenarios to help prepare for simlet questions on the new exams. The MeasureUp testing software gives you an effective tool to assess your readiness for the ICND1 exam:
- Detailed explanations of correct and incorrect answers
- Multiple test modes
- Random questions and order of answers
- Coverage of all CCENT™ ICND1 exam objectives
WRITTEN BY CCENT Experts!
Jeremy Cioara (CCIE®, CCVP™, CCSP®) works in many facets of the Cisco networking realm. He is an accomplished instructor, author, and consultant. Jeremy is the CIO of AdTEC Networks and works as a network consultant focusing on Cisco network and voice-over-IP (VoIP) implementations.
Dave Minutella (CCNP®, CCDP®, INFOSEC, CISSP, CTP, MCSA, MCDST, Security+, Network+, A+) has been working in the IT and telecom industry for over 14 years. He currently serves as Vice President of Educational Services for Training Camp.
Heather Stevenson (CCNP) has more than 7 years of experience in the IT industry and is currently a Senior Network Engineer at a global manufacturing company.
www.examcram.com
ISBN-13: 978-0-7897-3716-8
ISBN-10: 0-7897-3716-7
U.S. $39.99 / CAN. $43.99 / U.K. £28.99 (inc. of VAT)
Your comprehensive guide to the CCENT 640-822 exam, providing learning, preparation, and practice for exam success
- Comprehensive in-depth learning combined with late stage preparation for the new CCENT 640-822 exam
- Features the Cram Sheet for last minute review, as well as exam strategies, practice exams, and lab exercises
- Updated for the latest changes to the new CCENT exam
Cisco ICND1 Exam Objectives................................................................................................................... xxv
Exam Description........................................................................................................................... xxv
Exam Topics................................................................................................................................... xxv
Describe the operation of data networks.................................................................... xxv
Implement a small switched network........................................................................... xxv
Implement an IP addressing scheme and IP services to
meet network requirements for a small branch office.................................................... xxvi
Implement a small routed network.............................................................................. xxvi
Explain and select the appropriate administrative tasks
required for a WLAN........................................................................................................ xxvii
Identify security threats to a network and describe general
methods to mitigate those threats................................................................................... xxvii
Implement and verify WAN links.............................................................................. xxvii
Introduction..................................................................................................................................................... 1
How This Book Helps You.............................................................................................................. 1
Network Hardware and Software Requirements.......................................................................... 3
Advice on Taking the Exam............................................................................................................ 4
Chapter 1:
Standard Internetworking Models................................................................................................................ 7
Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 10
What Is an Internetwork?.............................................................................................................. 10
Types of Internetworks................................................................................................................. 11
Local Area Network (LAN)............................................................................................. 11
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)............................................................................. 12
Wide Area Network (WAN)........................................................................................... 12
Storage Area Network (SAN)......................................................................................... 13
Virtual Private Network (VPN)........................................................................................ 14
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model............................................................................. 14
Upper Layers.................................................................................................................... 15
Application Layer............................................................................................................ 15
Presentation Layer........................................................................................................... 17
Session Layer................................................................................................................... 18
Lower Layers.................................................................................................................... 18
Transport Layer................................................................................................................ 18
Network Layer.................................................................................................................. 20
Data Link Layer............................................................................................................................... 21
Physical Layer.................................................................................................................. 23
OSI Layered Communications........................................................................................ 23
TCP/IP Model.................................................................................................................................. 25
Application Layer............................................................................................................ 26
Transport Layer................................................................................................................ 27
Internet Layer................................................................................................................... 31
Network Interface Layer.................................................................................................. 33
Cisco 3-Layer Hierarchical Model................................................................................................ 33
Access Layer.................................................................................................................... 34
Distribution Layer............................................................................................................ 35
Core Layer......................................................................................................................... 35
Chapter Summary............................................................................................................................ 37
Key Terms......................................................................................................................... 37
Apply Your Knowledge................................................................................................................. 40
Exercises............................................................................................................................ 40
Review Questions............................................................................................................ 41
Exam Questions................................................................................................................ 41
Answers to Review Questions...................................................................................... 45
Answers to Exam Questions.......................................................................................... 47
Suggested Readings and Resources............................................................................ 49
Chapter 2:
Physical Layer Networking Concepts........................................................................................................ 51
Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 54
Network Topologies....................................................................................................................... 54
The Bus Topology........................................................................................................... 54
The Ring Topology......................................................................................................... 55
The Star Topology........................................................................................................... 56
The Mesh Topology....................................................................................................... 57
Cabling 58
Coaxial Cable..................................................................................................................... 59
Twisted-Pair Cable........................................................................................................... 60
Fiber-Optic Cable............................................................................................................. 63
Wireless 64
Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)................................................................................................. 65
Infrared.............................................................................................................................. 65
Bluetooth........................................................................................................................... 66
Physical Layer Devices.................................................................................................................. 66
Repeaters........................................................................................................................... 66
Hubs................................................................................................................................... 67
Network Interfaces........................................................................................................... 67
Chapter Summary............................................................................................................................ 68
Key Terms......................................................................................................................... 68
Apply Your Knowledge................................................................................................................. 69
Exercises............................................................................................................................ 69
Review Questions............................................................................................................ 70
Exam Questions................................................................................................................ 70
Answers to Review Questions...................................................................................... 77
Answers to Exam Questions.......................................................................................... 77
Suggested Readings and Resources............................................................................ 79
Chapter 3:
Data Link Networking Concepts................................................................................................................. 81
Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 84
Data Link Protocols........................................................................................................................ 84
Token Ring........................................................................................................................ 84
FDDI................................................................................................................................... 86
Ethernet at the Data Link Layer..................................................................................... 87
Physical Ethernet Standards......................................................................................................... 93
Ethernet............................................................................................................................. 93
Fast Ethernet..................................................................................................................... 96
Gigabit Ethernet................................................................................................................ 97
10-Gigabit Ethernet (10GbE)........................................................................................... 99
Long Reach Ethernet..................................................................................................... 100
Data Link Layer Devices.............................................................................................................. 100
Bridges............................................................................................................................. 101
Switches.......................................................................................................................... 104
Duplex 105
Microsegmentation...................................................................................................................... 106
Chapter Summary.......................................................................................................................... 107
Key Terms....................................................................................................................... 107
Apply Your Knowledge............................................................................................................... 109
Exercises.......................................................................................................................... 109
Review Questions.......................................................................................................... 110
Exam Questions.............................................................................................................. 110
Answers to Review Questions.................................................................................... 114
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................................................ 115
Suggested Readings and Resources.......................................................................... 117
Chapter 4:
General Network Security........................................................................................................................... 119
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 122
Classes of Attack.......................................................................................................................... 122
Access Attacks.............................................................................................................. 123
Reconnaissance Attacks.............................................................................................. 125
Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks.................................................................................. 127
Mitigating Network Threats........................................................................................................ 130
AAA................................................................................................................................ 130
Cisco ACLs..................................................................................................................... 130
Cisco IOS Secure Management Features................................................................... 131
Encryption Protocols..................................................................................................... 132
Security Appliances and Applications........................................................................... 132
Chapter Summary.......................................................................................................................... 134
Key Terms....................................................................................................................... 134
Apply Your Knowledge............................................................................................................... 135
Exercise............................................................................................................................ 135
Review Questions.......................................................................................................... 136
Exam Questions.............................................................................................................. 136
Answers to Review Questions.................................................................................... 138
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................................................ 138
Suggested Readings and Resources.......................................................................... 139
Chapter 5:
IP at the Network Layer.............................................................................................................................. 141
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 144
Network Layer Functions............................................................................................................ 144
IP Addressing and Formats........................................................................................................ 145
Binary............................................................................................................................... 145
Hexadecimal.................................................................................................................... 150
IP Address Classes........................................................................................................ 151
Subnet Masks................................................................................................................. 154
Private (RFC 1918) Addressing.................................................................................... 156
Subnetting IP................................................................................................................................. 156
Calculating Hosts in a Subnet...................................................................................... 159
Calculating Networks in a Subnet............................................................................... 161
The Increment................................................................................................................. 162
Determining the Range of Valid IPs............................................................................ 165
Network Layer Devices................................................................................................................ 167
Routers............................................................................................................................ 167
Layer 3 Switches............................................................................................................ 170
Chapter Summary.......................................................................................................................... 171
Key Terms....................................................................................................................... 171
Apply Your Knowledge............................................................................................................... 172
Exercises.......................................................................................................................... 172
Review Questions.......................................................................................................... 175
Exam Questions.............................................................................................................. 175
Answers to Review Questions.................................................................................... 179
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................................................ 181
Suggested Readings and Resources.......................................................................... 183
Chapter 6:
Introduction to Cisco Routers and Switches.......................................................................................... 185
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 188
Interfaces and Modules............................................................................................................... 188
LAN Interfaces............................................................................................................... 188
WAN Interfaces............................................................................................................. 189
Cisco Memory Components....................................................................................................... 192
ROM................................................................................................................................. 193
Flash................................................................................................................................. 193
RAM................................................................................................................................ 193
NVRAM........................................................................................................................... 193
Cisco Internetworking Operating System................................................................................. 193
Feature Sets.................................................................................................................... 194
IOS Image File Naming.................................................................................................. 195
Cisco Router Models and Features........................................................................................... 196
Cisco Switch Models and Features........................................................................................... 197
Chapter Summary.......................................................................................................................... 199
Key Terms....................................................................................................................... 199
Apply Your Knowledge............................................................................................................... 200
Exercises.......................................................................................................................... 200
Review Questions.......................................................................................................... 200
Exam Questions.............................................................................................................. 201
Answers to Review Questions.................................................................................... 203
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................................................ 204
Suggested Readings and Resources.......................................................................... 205
Chapter 7:
Foundation Cisco IOS Operations............................................................................................................ 207
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 210
Terminal Options.......................................................................................................................... 210
Console Port................................................................................................................... 210
Auxiliary Port.................................................................................................................. 212
Telnet............................................................................................................................... 212
HTTP and HTTPS.......................................................................................................... 212
SSH................................................................................................................................... 213
Router/Switch Startup Procedures............................................................................................. 214
POST................................................................................................................................ 214
Bootstrap......................................................................................................................... 215
IOS Loading.................................................................................................................... 215
Configuration Loading.................................................................................................. 217
Navigating the IOS....................................................................................................................... 220
User EXEC....................................................................................................................... 220
Privileged EXEC............................................................................................................. 221
Global Configuration..................................................................................................... 222
Context-Sensitive Help.................................................................................................. 224
Abbreviations................................................................................................................. 226
Shortcut Keys................................................................................................................. 226
Common Syntax Errors.................................................................................................. 227
Chapter Summary.......................................................................................................................... 230
Key Terms....................................................................................................................... 231
Apply Your Knowledge............................................................................................................... 231
Exercises.......................................................................................................................... 231
Review Questions.......................................................................................................... 233
Exam Questions.............................................................................................................. 233
Answers to Review Questions.................................................................................... 235
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................................................ 236
Suggested Readings and Resources.......................................................................... 237
Chapter 8:
Foundation Cisco Configurations............................................................................................................ 239
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 242
Global Configuration.................................................................................................................... 242
Altering the Boot Sequence......................................................................................... 242
Changing the Hostname............................................................................................... 244
Creating a Login Banner............................................................................................... 244
Assigning a Password for Privileged EXEC Mode................................................... 245
Domain Name—Specific Commands............................................................................. 246
Enabling SSH.................................................................................................................. 247
Line Configurations...................................................................................................................... 248
Securing Console Access to User EXEC................................................................... 248
Securing Auxiliary Access to User EXEC.................................................................. 250
Securing Telnet and SSH Access to User EXEC...................................................... 250
Router Interface Configurations................................................................................................. 253
Assigning an IP Address............................................................................................. 254
Enabling the Interface................................................................................................... 255
LAN-Specific Commands.............................................................................................. 255
WAN-Specific Commands............................................................................................ 256
Saving Configurations................................................................................................................. 256
Using the show Command to Get Information........................................................................... 258
Verifying Your Configurations..................................................................................... 259
Viewing Interface Statuses and Statistics.................................................................. 260
IOS File Version show Commands................................................................................ 264
Troubleshooting Commands...................................................................................................... 266
Backing Up and Restoring Configurations and
IOS Using TFTP............................................................................................................................. 269
Neighbor Discovery with CDP................................................................................................... 272
Using Telnet for Virtual Terminal Access................................................................................. 276
Terminal Monitor........................................................................................................... 277
IOS DHCP...................................................................................................................................... 278
Chapter Summary.......................................................................................................................... 281
Key Terms....................................................................................................................... 282
Apply Your Knowledge............................................................................................................... 284
Exercises.......................................................................................................................... 284
Review Questions.......................................................................................................... 285
Exam Questions.............................................................................................................. 286
Answers to Review Questions.................................................................................... 289
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................................................ 290
Suggested Readings and Resources.......................................................................... 291
Chapter 9:
Understanding the Cisco SDM................................................................................................................. 293
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 296
Getting Started.............................................................................................................................. 296
Global Configurations.................................................................................................................. 298
Changing the Hostname, Banner, Domain Name,
and Secret Password........................................................................................................... 299
Router Access................................................................................................................ 303
DNS.................................................................................................................................. 304
DHCP............................................................................................................................... 305
Router Interface Configurations................................................................................................. 308
Assigning an IP Address............................................................................................. 308
Enabling the Interface................................................................................................... 309
Saving and Verifying Your Configurations................................................................ 310
Monitoring..................................................................................................................................... 310
Chapter Summary.......................................................................................................................... 312
Key Terms....................................................................................................................... 312
Apply Your Knowledge............................................................................................................... 312
Exercise............................................................................................................................ 312
Review Questions.......................................................................................................... 312
Exam Questions.............................................................................................................. 313
Answers to Review Questions.................................................................................... 315
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................................................ 316
Suggested Readings and Resources.......................................................................... 316
Chapter 10:
Introduction to Routing and Routing Protocols.................................................................................... 317
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 320
The Default Gateway.................................................................................................................... 320
Verifying and Troubleshooting the Default Gateway.............................................. 322
Routing Sources........................................................................................................................... 323
Administrative Distance............................................................................................... 324
Static Routes................................................................................................................................. 325
Configuring Static Routes............................................................................................ 326
Floating Static Routes................................................................................................... 327
Default Routes.............................................................................................................................. 328
Configuring Static and Default Routes with SDM.................................................................. 329
Verifying Static and Default Routes.......................................................................................... 330
Dynamic Routing Protocols......................................................................................... 331
Routing Metrics............................................................................................................. 332
Classful and Classless Routing Updates................................................................... 333
VLSM 336
Interior and Exterior Gateway Routing Protocols...................................................... 340
Distance Vector Routing Protocols............................................................................. 340
Link-State Routing Protocols....................................................................................... 341
Advanced Distance Vector/Hybrid Routing Protocols........................................... 341
The Routing Table Revisited...................................................................................................... 342
Routing Redistribution................................................................................................................ 343
Chapter Summary.......................................................................................................................... 345
Key Terms....................................................................................................................... 346
Apply Your Knowledge............................................................................................................... 347
Exercises.......................................................................................................................... 347
Review Questions.......................................................................................................... 348
Exam Questions.............................................................................................................. 348
Answers to Review Questions.................................................................................... 351
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................................................ 351
Suggested Readings and Resources.......................................................................... 353
Chapter 11:
Distance Vector Routing Protocols.......................................................................................................... 355
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 358
Distance Vector Operations......................................................................................... 358
Routing Loops................................................................................................................ 360
Routing Loop Mitigation............................................................................................................. 362
Counting to Infinity....................................................................................................... 363
Split Horizon................................................................................................................... 363
Route Poison, Poison Reverse, and Hold-Down Timers......................................... 364
Triggered Updates......................................................................................................... 366
Invalid/Dead Timers...................................................................................................... 367
RIP 367
RIP Characteristics......................................................................................................... 367
RIP Configuration.......................................................................................................... 368
Passive Interfaces.......................................................................................................... 371
RIPv2 Characteristics.................................................................................................... 371
RIPv2 Configuration...................................................................................................... 372
Configuring RIP with SDM........................................................................................... 373
RIP Verification............................................................................................................... 374
Troubleshooting RIP..................................................................................................... 375
Chapter Summary.......................................................................................................................... 379
Key Terms....................................................................................................................... 380
Apply Your Knowledge............................................................................................................... 380
Exercises.......................................................................................................................... 380
Review Questions.......................................................................................................... 382
Exam Questions.............................................................................................................. 382
Answers to Review Questions.................................................................................... 384
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................................................ 385
Suggested Readings and Resources.......................................................................... 386
Chapter 12:
Enabling Internet Connectivity with NAT.............................................................................................. 387
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 390
NAT Concepts.............................................................................................................................. 391
Static NAT...................................................................................................................... 392
Dynamic NAT................................................................................................................. 393
NAT Overload and Port Address Translation.......................................................... 394
NAT Terminology........................................................................................................................ 395
Configuring NAT Using Cisco SDM......................................................................................... 397
Configuring NAT Overload.......................................................................................... 397
Verifying NAT Configuration..................................................................................................... 410
Troubleshooting NAT................................................................................................................. 413
Chapter Summary.......................................................................................................................... 415
Key Terms....................................................................................................................... 415
Review Questions.......................................................................................................... 416
Apply Your Knowledge............................................................................................................... 416
Exam Questions.............................................................................................................. 416
Answers to Review Questions.................................................................................... 419
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................................................ 419
Suggested Reading and Resources............................................................................ 421
Chapter 13:
Foundation Switching Operations............................................................................................................ 423
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 426
Switching Functionality................................................................................................ 426
Frame Transmission Methods.................................................................................................... 427
Store-and-Forward......................................................................................................... 428
Cut-Through................................................................................................................... 428
Fragment-Free................................................................................................................. 428
Half- and Full-Duplex Connections............................................................................................ 429
Switching Design.......................................................................................................................... 430
Spanning Tree Protocol............................................................................................................... 430
Root Bridge..................................................................................................................... 431
Root Ports....................................................................................................................... 432
Designated Ports............................................................................................................ 434
Blocked Ports.................................................................................................................. 435
Port State Transitions.................................................................................................................. 437
Initial Switch Configurations...................................................................................................... 438
Assigning a Management IP Address to a Switch................................................... 439
Defining a Default Gateway.......................................................................................... 439
IP Assignment Using DHCP........................................................................................ 440
Configuring Multiple Switch Interfaces..................................................................... 441
Verifying Spanning Tree Protocol............................................................................... 442
Troubleshooting Basic Switch Connectivity........................................................................... 442
Chapter Summary.......................................................................................................................... 445
Key Terms....................................................................................................................... 445
Apply Your Knowledge............................................................................................................... 446
Exercises.......................................................................................................................... 446
Review Questions.......................................................................................................... 448
Exam Questions.............................................................................................................. 449
Answers to Review Questions.................................................................................... 452
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................................................ 452
Suggested Readings and Resources.............................................................................. 454
Chapter 14:
Implementing Switch Security................................................................................................................... 455
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 458
Securing Physical Access to the Catalyst Switch................................................................... 458
Securing Terminal Access to the Catalyst Switch................................................................... 458
To Telnet or Not to Telnet............................................................................................ 460
Additional IOS Security Practices............................................................................... 461
Layer 2 Security............................................................................................................................ 461
Port Security................................................................................................................... 462
“See”DP........................................................................................................................... 464
Chapter Summary.......................................................................................................................... 466
Key Terms....................................................................................................................... 466
Apply Your Knowledge............................................................................................................... 467
Exercises.......................................................................................................................... 467
Review Questions.......................................................................................................... 469
Exam Questions.............................................................................................................. 469
Answers to Review Questions.................................................................................... 471
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................................................ 472
Suggested Readings and Resources.......................................................................... 472
Chapter 15:
Understanding Wireless Networking....................................................................................................... 473
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 476
The Business Case....................................................................................................................... 476
The Players in the 802.11 Market............................................................................................... 477
Entering the Radio Frequency World........................................................................................ 478
Understanding Wireless Transmission...................................................................... 478
Unlicensed RF Bands.................................................................................................... 479
The Key to Successful Wireless: Channel Surfing................................................... 480
The 802.11 Standards Family...................................................................................................... 483
Party Like It’s 1999: 802.11a and 802.11b.................................................................... 483
2003 Delivers: 802.11g............................................................................................... 483
The Next Generation: 802.11n....................................................................................... 484
Chapter Summary.......................................................................................................................... 485
Key Terms....................................................................................................................... 485
Apply Your Knowledge............................................................................................................... 486
Exercise............................................................................................................................ 486
Review Questions.......................................................................................................... 486
Exam Questions.............................................................................................................. 487
Answers to Review Questions.................................................................................... 489
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................................................ 489
Suggested Readings and Resources.......................................................................... 490
Chapter 16:
Wireless Security and Implementation Considerations........................................................................ 491
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 494
Understanding the Threats......................................................................................................... 494
War Driving.................................................................................................................... 494
Direct Hacking................................................................................................................ 495
Employee Ignorance...................................................................................................... 495
Deploying a Secure Wireless Network...................................................................................... 496
Wireless Encryption...................................................................................................... 496
Wireless Authentication (802.1x)................................................................................ 499
Wireless Intrusion Prevention System (IPS)............................................................. 500
Wireless Implementation Guidelines......................................................................................... 501
Understanding Wireless Topologies.......................................................................... 501
Understanding Wireless Data Rates........................................................................... 503
General Wireless Implementation Steps..................................................................... 506
Wireless Troubleshooting............................................................................................ 506
Chapter Summary.......................................................................................................................... 508
Key Terms....................................................................................................................... 508
Apply Your Knowledge............................................................................................................... 509
Review Questions.......................................................................................................... 509
Exam Questions.............................................................................................................. 509
Answers to Review Questions.................................................................................... 512
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................................................ 512
Suggested Readings and Resources.......................................................................... 513
Chapter 17:
Wide Area Network Connections............................................................................................................. 515
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 518
WAN Connection Types............................................................................................................ 518
Leased Lines................................................................................................................... 519
Circuit-Switched Networks........................................................................................... 519
Packet-Switched Networks........................................................................................... 520
Broadband....................................................................................................................... 520
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs).................................................................................. 521
Metropolitan Ethernet (Metro Ethernet).................................................................... 521
The WAN Physical Layer........................................................................................................... 522
WAN Data Link Encapsulations................................................................................................ 523
Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)............................................................................. 523
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)....................................................................................... 524
Cisco High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC)............................................................. 524
X.25 Link Access Procedure, Balanced (LAPB)........................................................ 524
Frame Relay..................................................................................................................... 524
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)...................................................................... 524
PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE) and PPP over ATM (PPPoA)....................................... 525
Cisco HDLC................................................................................................................................... 525
PPP 525
Sub-Layer 1: ISO HDLC................................................................................................ 527
Sub-Layer 2: Link Control Protocol (LCP).................................................................. 527
Sub-Layer 3: Network Control Protocol...................................................................... 532
Configuring PPP............................................................................................................................ 532
Authentication............................................................................................................... 532
Compression................................................................................................................... 534
Verifying PPP................................................................................................................................. 535
Troubleshooting PPP.................................................................................................... 537
Chapter Summary.......................................................................................................................... 539
Key Terms....................................................................................................................... 539
Apply Your Knowledge............................................................................................................... 540
Exercises.......................................................................................................................... 540
Review Questions.......................................................................................................... 543
Exam Questions.............................................................................................................. 544
Answers to Review Questions.................................................................................... 546
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................................................ 546
Suggested Reading and Resources............................................................................ 548
Fast Facts:................................................................................................................................................ 549
OSI Model in Review................................................................................................................... 550
Application Protocols Supported by the Application Layer.................................. 551
Network Domains......................................................................................................................... 554
Cabling, Lines, and Services....................................................................................................... 554
MAC Addressing......................................................................................................................... 556
Framing and Duplex Types......................................................................................................... 556
WAN Interfaces............................................................................................................................ 557
Memory Types.............................................................................................................................. 557
IOS File Naming Conventions.................................................................................................... 558
Utilities Using ICMP.................................................................................................................... 558
Network Security.......................................................................................................................... 558
Access Attacks.............................................................................................................. 559
Reconnaissance Attacks.............................................................................................. 559
Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks.................................................................................. 559
Mitigating Network Threats........................................................................................................ 559
IP Addressing............................................................................................................................... 560
Classless Addressing.................................................................................................... 561
Private Ranges................................................................................................................ 561
Subnetting....................................................................................................................... 561
IPv6 562
Types of IPv6 Addresses............................................................................................. 563
Integrating IPv4 and IPv6............................................................................................. 563
Layer 3 Functions......................................................................................................................... 563
IOS Terminal Access Methodologies....................................................................................... 564
IOS Boot Processes...................................................................................................................... 564
IOS Navigation.............................................................................................................................. 565
Context-Sensitive Help.................................................................................................. 565
Terminal Editing Keys................................................................................................... 565
Syntax Errors................................................................................................................... 566
Global Configuration Commands............................................................................................... 566
Securing the IOS............................................................................................................ 566
SSH................................................................................................................................... 567
Interface Configuration Commands........................................................................................... 568
Switch Commands........................................................................................................................ 568
The Copy Command..................................................................................................................... 568
The Show Command.................................................................................................................... 569
Interface Status.............................................................................................................. 569
Cisco Discovery Protocol............................................................................................................ 570
Telnet 570
DHCP 571
Switches 571
Duplex Connections...................................................................................................... 572
Port Security................................................................................................................... 572
Routing Characteristics............................................................................................................... 572
Routing Sources............................................................................................................. 572
Static and Default Routes............................................................................................. 573
Dynamic Routing Protocols........................................................................................................ 574
Routing Metrics............................................................................................................. 574
Interior and Exterior Gateway Routing Protocols...................................................... 574
Classful and Classless Routing Updates................................................................... 575
Routing Protocol Classes............................................................................................. 575
Redistribution................................................................................................................. 575
Distance Vector Routing Loop Mitigation............................................................................... 576
RIP and RIPv2............................................................................................................................... 576
RIP Configuration.......................................................................................................... 577
Wireless Networking.................................................................................................................... 577
Wireless Security and Implementation....................................................................... 578
Network Address Translation (NAT)......................................................................... 579
Wide-Area Networks..................................................................................................... 580
Practice Exam................................................................................................................................................ 583
Answers to Practice Exam.......................................................................................................................... 601
Answers at a Glance..................................................................................................................... 602
Answers with Explanations......................................................................................................... 603
Appendix:
What’s on the CD-ROM............................................................................................................................ 611
Glossary........................................................................................................................................................ 615
TOC, 0789737167, 11/16/07