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Benjamin Cummings

Geology & Oceanography

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How Does Earth Work: Physical Geology and the Process of Science
Gary SmithUniversity of New Mexico
Aurora PunUniversity of New Mexico

ISBN-10: 0130341290
ISBN-13:  9780130341297

Publisher:  Prentice Hall
Copyright:  2006
Format:  Paper; 708 pp
Published:  07/06/2005
New edition available
  This item has been replaced by How Does Earth Work? Physical Geology and the Process of Science, 2/E.



For introductory courses in physical geology.

 

It’s about how we know what we know. How Does Earth Work?  covers the traditional breadth of topics of the introductory geology course, but takes the non-traditional and highly-effective approach of emphasizing conceptual learning of process rather than rote memorization of facts.

 

The Text

  • The ”How do we know?” philosophy:  How Does Earth Work?  presents “what we know” in the context of the process of science, rather than through seemingly unconnected statements of fact.  Science is more than a body of knowledge--it is a means of acquiring knowledge.  
    • The text evolved from the National Academy of Sciences' National Science Education Standards (1996), which called on science educators to emphasize scientific literacy.
    • Emphasizes how scientific knowledge is obtained, and how it is relevant to societal concerns, needs, and decision making, while keeping terminology to a minimum.
  • Questions drive the development of the concepts:  As with science itself,there are no answers without first asking questions.  As a result, the concepts are introduced and developed in context ("If this is true, then why...?), which facilitates deeper exploration of and linking between concepts which, to an introductory student, can sometimes seem disconnected. 
    • Section headings--the structure of the chapter--are in the form of questions.  The discussions following seek to elucidate these questions.  (e.g.:  see any chapter opening page)
      • Research shows that students learn better when exploring as opposed to simply receiving information.  Within the limitations of a text, the questioning strategy most closely approaches this inquiry model.
    • Observations and questions are everywhere tied together.  Throughout these discussions are more questions designed to encourage the student to stop, contemplate, and integrate what has been learned.  (e.g.: "In the Field/In the Lab")
      • More so than any other text, Smith/Pun presents geology as an observational science.  
    • The scientific method is woven into the book, both explicity and implicitly.  (e.g.:  any "How Do We Know...?" section; pp. 85-86, 189-192, 282-286, 431-436)
  • Annotated illustrations – The illustrations bear much of the weight of explanation–they do more than illustrate a concept, they tell the “story.”  They are as simple as possible, thoughtfully annotated, and paired wherever possible with photos of the concept manifest in nature.  (e.g., pp. 54, 92, 338)
  • Active Art Animations - Some processes of Earth are best understood when seen in motion.  To this end, almost 60 illustrations of key processes are animated
    • Most “Active Art” animations use the same base illustration as the static art in the text, providing a clear link between the text illustration and CD animation. (e.g., Forming Cross-beds, p. 123 and CD; Wave Reflection and Refraction, p. 207 and CD)
    • Students receive the animations via the Student CD that comes with the text.  The authors have enhanced the animations with narration, photographs, and additional illustrations.
    • Instructors receive the animations (without narration or other enhancement) via the Instructor’s Resource Center CD, preloaded into PowerPoint slides for use in lecture.
  • "How Do We Know...?” Found in each chapter, the “How Do We Know...?” section explains in detail a scientific accomplishment or finding that is key to our understanding of the chapter topic. 
    • Explicitly show how concepts about geological processes are developed, and implicitly serves to illustrate how geoscientists apply scientific methodology.  (e.g., How Do We Know...How Magma is Made?, p. 85; How Do We Know...How to Determine the Stability of Minerals?, p. 148; How Do We Know...How to Determine Half-Lives and Decay Rates?, p. 189)
  • Chapter opening essays: In the Field/In the Lab Each chapter opens with an essay that places a curious observer in realistic field or laboratory settings to make observations and ask questions about geological phenomena. 
    • Affirms for students that science begins with observations and those observations lead to questions. (e.g., Lab Notes:  Baseball analogy for Earth's Interior, p. 199; Field observations of igneous rocks, p. 67; Field notes on elevation relief in California, p. 353)
  • Putting it Together - Key points are summarized at the end of each section rather than solely at the end of the chapter.  “Putting it Together” answers the questions posed in the section heading.
    • Students can check their understanding of digestible sections of information before they move on.
  • Integrated real-world connections – Links topics to issues of societal concern or relevant experience to increase appreciation of the value of science learning.  
  • Extension Modules on CD-ROM – 
    • To facilitate text brevity, some background material and supplemental topics are delivered via an alternate, space-efficient means on the CD that accompanies the text.
    • Modules are integrated into the table of contents, the index, and the chapters themselves.  Instructors can assign the modules as they would readings from the text.
    • See the Table of Contents for a complete list of Extension Modules.

 

Instructor and Student Resources

  •  Instructor’s Resource Center on DVD —  This “everything, all in one place” presentation resource includes: 
    • All of the line art and tables and many of the photos from the text in .jpg and PowerPoint files
    • 60 animations of key physical processes
    • Images of Earth photo gallery
    • PowerPoint Presentations, three per chapter: Illustrations Only (all figures from the text, including the Active Art animations preloaded into PowerPoint slides); Lecture Outlines (customizable, prepared lecture outlines to use as is or simply as a starting point); Clicker Questions (class participation questions for use with a classroom response system such as EduCue or H-ITT).
    • Instructor’s Manual in Microsoft Word
    • Test Item File in Microsoft Word
  • Instructor’s Manual:  Includes test questions designed to test both the students’ retention of “what we know” as well as gauging their ability to apply their “how we know” critical thinking abilities.   
  • Student Lecture Notebook:  Every figure from the text is reproduced in this handy, easy-to-carry notebook, with space left for the students to take notes.  The Student Lecture Notebook works to help students manage new information and “reduce the noise” by providing a convenient consistency between their reading and the lecture.
  • On Line Study Guide:  Contains multiple practice quizzes for each chapter.  The questions are designed to help affirm the student's fundamental grasp of the concepts while also testing their ability to think critically.
  • Half-Price SafariX Version:  How Does Earth Work? is also available in a half-price electronic version via Prentice Hall’s SafariX program.  Students can choose, based on their own needs and budget, the printed text or the electronic version.  Both are paginated the same, so the students’ choice will have no affect on the instructor or his/her syllabus. 

 

Chapter 1: Why Geology?

 

1.1 What is geology?

1.2 Why study geology?

1.3 How do we know…how to study Earth?

1.4 What does the principle of uniformitarianism mean?

1.5 What is the theory of plate tectonics?

1.6 How does the concept of work apply to Earth?

 

PART I  - EARTH MATERIALS:  Classification, Origin, Uses

 

Chapter 2 Minerals: Building Blocks of the Planet

 

2.1 What are the properties of minerals?

2.2 What are minerals composed of?

2.3 How do we know…the atomic structure of minerals?

2.4 How do elements combine to make minerals?

2.5 What is a mineral?

2.6 What determines the physical properties of minerals?

2.7 What are the most important minerals?

EM 2.1 Basics of an Atom

EM 2.2 Silicate Mineral Structures

EM 2.3 Gemstones

 

Chapter 3: Rocks and Rock-Forming Processes

 

3.1 How and where do rocks form?

3.2 Can rocks be classified according to the processes    that form them?

3.3 How do we know…how to determine rock origins?

3.4 How are the rock classes related to one another?

 

Chapter 4: Formation of Magma and Igneous Rocks

 

4.1  What are igneous processes?

4.2  How are igneous rocks classified?

4.3  Where do igneous rocks appear in a landscape?

4.4  How and why do rocks melt?

4.5  How do we know…how magma is made?

4.6  How does magma generation connect to plate  tectonics?

4.7  What makes igneous rock compositions so diverse?

4.8  Why are there different types of volcanoes and volcanic eruptions?

4.9  How are volcanoes hazardous?

4.10 Why don’t all magmas erupt?

EM 4.1 Bowen's Reaction Series

EM 4.2 Mitigating and Forecasting Volcanic Hazards

 

Chapter 5: Formation of Sediment and Sedimentary Rocks

 

5.1 How and why do rocks disintegrate to form sediment?

5.2 What is the link between weathering and sediment?

5.3 Why are fossils found in sedimentary rocks?

5.4 How does loose sediment become sedimentary rock?

5.5 How are sedimentary rocks classified?

5.6 How do sedimentary rocks reveal ancient environments?

5.7 How do we know…how to interpret unseen turbidity currents?

5.8 How do plate tectonics and sedimentary rocks connect? 

EM 5.1 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations

EM 5.2 Why is Seawater Salty? 

EM 5.3 Geochemistry of Calcite

 

Chapter 6:  Formation of Metamorphic Rocks

 

6.1 What is metamorphism?

6.2 What is the role of temperature in metamorphism?

6.3 What is the role of pressure in metamorphism?

6.4 What is the role of fluid in metamorphism?

6.5 Why do metamorphic rocks exist at the surface?

6.6 How do we know…how to determine the stability of minerals?

6.7 What were the conditions of metamorphism?

6.8 How are metamorphic rocks classified?

6.9 What was the rock before it was metamorphosed?

6.10  Where does metamorphism occur?

EM 6.1 Metamorphic Isograds, Zones, and Facies

 

Chapter 7: Earth Materials as Time Keepers

 

7.1 How do you determine the order of events?

7.2 How are geologic events placed in relative order?

7.3 How do geologists determine the relative ages in widely separated places?

7.4 How was the geologic time scale constructed?

7.5 How do you recognize gaps in the rock record?

7.6 How have scientists determined the age of Earth?

7.7 How is the absolute age of a rock determined?

7.8 How do we know…how to determine half-lives and decay rates?

7.9 How do you reconstruct geologic history with rocks?

FM 7.1 Radioactivity and Radioactive Decay

EM7.1 The Mathematics of Radioactive-Isotope Decay

EM7.2 Using Geologic Clocks

 

PART II  - EARTH’S INTERNAL PROCESSES

 

Chapter 8: Journey to the Center of Earth

 

8.1 How do geologists know about rocks in Earth’s interior?

8.2 How do earthquakes help make images of Earth’s interior?

8.3 How do we know…how to determine velocities of seismic waves in rocks?

8.4 What composes the interior of the Earth?

8.5 How hot is the interior of Earth?

EM 8.1 Sizing Up Earth

EM 8.2 How to Locate an Earthquake

EM 8.3 Velocity of Seismic Waves

EM 8.4 Mantle Minerals

EM 8.5 Meteorites as Guides to Earth’s Interior

 

Chapter 9: Making Earth

 

9.1 How did Earth form? 

9.2 How did the core and mantle form?

9.3 How does the crust form? 

9.4 How did the atmosphere and hydrosphere form?

9.5 How do we know…the hydrosphere came from the geosphere?

EM 9.1 Geologic Tour of the Solar System

EM 9.2 Origin of the Moon

 

Chapter 10: Motion Inside Earth

 

10.1 How does convection work?

10.2 What does mantle convection look like?

10.3 How does outer-core convection generate the magnetic field?

10.4 How do we know…Earth’s core is a dynamo?

EM 10.1 Is Mantle Convection Physically Possible?

 

PART III  - EARTH DEFORMATION

 

Chapter 11:  Deformation of Rocks

 

11.1 What do deformed rocks look like? 

11.2 How are resources related to geologic structures?

11.3 How do rocks deform?

11.4 How do we know…why some rocks break and others flow?

11.5 How do geological structures relate to stress, strain, and strength? 

11.6 How does strength vary in the lithosphere?

11.7 How do earthquakes relate to rock deformation?

11.8 How are earthquakes measured?

11.9 Why are earthquakes destructive?

EM 11.1 Calculating Magnitude and Energy Released from an Earthquake  

EM 11.2 Mitigating and Forecasting Earthquake Hazards  

 

Chapter 12: Global Tectonics — Plates and Plumes

 

12.1 How does continental drift relate to plate tectonics?

12.2 What is the evidence that plates are rigid?

12.3 What is the evidence that plates move apart at divergent plate boundaries?

12.4 What is the evidence that subduction occurs at convergent plate boundaries?

12.5 What is the evidence that plates slide past one another at transform plate boundaries?

12.6 What does the mantle-plume hypothesis explain that plate tectonics cannot explain?

12.7 How do we know…that plates move in real time?

12.8 What forces cause plate motions and plumes?

12.0 What were the consequences of plate motion over geologic time?

EM 12.1 Describing Plate Motion on the Surface of a Sphere

EM 12.2 Using Paleomagnetism to Reconstruct Past Continental Positions

 

Chapter 13:  Tectonics and Surface Relief

 

13.1 Why are continents high and oceans low?

13.2 How do we know…that mountains have roots?

13.3 How does isostasy relate to active geologic processes?

13.4 Why does sea-level change?

13.5 How and where to mountains form?

13.6 How does mountain building relate to the growth of continents?

EM 13.1 Measuring Uplift Rates.

 

PART IV  - SURFACE AND NEAR SURFACE PROCESSES

 

Chapter 14: Soil Formation and Landscape Stability

 

14.1 What is soil?

14.2 Why distinguishes soil horizons?

14.3 How do soils form? 

14.4 What factors determine soil characteristics?

14.5 What are the types of soils?

14.6 How do we know…that soils include atmospheric additions?

14.7 How do human activities affect soil?

 

 

Chapter 15: Mass Movement: Landscapes in Motion

 

15.1 What are the characteristics of mass movements? 

15.2 What causes mass movements? 

15.3 What factors determine slope stability?

15.4 When do mass movements occur?

15.5 How do we know … how to map mass-movement hazards?

15.6 How do mass movements sculpt the landscape?

 

Chapter 16:  Streams: Flowing Water Shapes the Landscape

 

16.1 Where does the water come from?

16.2 Where does the sediment come from?

16.3 How do streams pick up sediment?

16.4 How do streams transport sediment?

16.5 Why do streams deposit sediment?

16.6 Why does a stream change along its course?

16.7 What factors determine the channel pattern?

16.8 How does a floodplain form?

16.9 Why do streams flood?

16.10 How do we know … how to determining the extent of the “100-year flood?”

16.11 How do human activities affect streams?

16.12 How do stream-formed landscapes change through geologic time?

16.13 How do lakes form?

EM 16.1 How a stream gage works.

EM 16.2 How to determine recurrence intervals of floods.

EM 16.3 How to control floods. 

 

Chapter 17:  Water Flowing Underground

 

17.1 What is ground water and where is it found?

17.2 Why and how does groundwater flow?

17.3 How do we know … how fast ground water moves?

17.4 What is the composition of ground water?

17.5 How does ground water shape the landscape?

EM 17.1 Anatomy of a water well.

EM 17.2 Darcy’s Law of ground water flow. 

EM 17.3 The geology of caves. 

 

Chapter 18: Glaciers: Sculptors of Continents, Recorders of Climate Change

 

18.1 What is a glacier?

18.2 How does glacial ice form?

18.3 How does ice flow?

18.4 How do glaciers erode and transport sediment?

18.5 How do glaciers deposit sediment?

18.6 What happens when glaciers reach the ocean?

18.7 How do valley glaciers modify the landscape?

18.8 How do ice sheets modify the landscape?

18.9 What did North America look like during the last Ice Age?

18.10 How do we know … how to determine when ice ages happened?

18.11 What causes glacial climates?

EM 18.1 Ice Ages in the Great Basin. 

EM 18.2 Humongous ice-age floods. 

EM 18.3 Ice Ages through Earth History

 

Chapter 19: Shorelines: Changing Landscapes Where Land Meets Sea

 

19.1 What factors determine the shape of a shoreline?

19.2 How do waves form and move in water?

19.3 How do waves form shoreline landscapes?

19.4 What is the role of tides in forming coastal landscapes?

19.5 Why does shoreline location change through time?

19.6 How do we know … that global sea level is rising?

19.7 What are the consequences of rising sea level? 

EM 19.1 Changing shorelines in the Great Lakes.

 

Chapter 20:  Wind: A Global Geologic Process

 

20.1 Why does wind blow? 

20.2 Where is wind an influential process in the landscape?

20.3 How does wind pick up and transport sediment?

20.4 How does wind shape the landscape?

20.5 What factors determine the location and formation of deserts?

20.6 How do we know … that wind blows dust across oceans?

EM 20.1 How the Coriolis Effect Works

 

  • 9780136003687
    How Does Earth Work? Physical Geology and the Process of Science, 2/E
    Smith & Pun
    ©2010 | Prentice Hall | Paper; 640 pp | Instock
    ISBN-10: 0136003680 | ISBN-13: 9780136003687
    Brief Description | Buy from myPearsonStore

Blackboard Test Item File
Smith
©2006 | Prentice Hall | Electronic Book | Instock
ISBN-10: 0131960881 | ISBN-13: 9780131960886
  View Downloadable Files



Download Instructor Resources Here
Smith
©2006 | Prentice Hall | On-line Supplement | Instock
ISBN-10: 0132206129 | ISBN-13: 9780132206129
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Geology Video Library
Pearson
©2005 | Prentice Hall | Video | Instock
ISBN-10: 0131456660 | ISBN-13: 9780131456662


TestGen (catalog download)
Beiersdorfer
©2006 | Prentice Hall | On-line Supplement | Instock
ISBN-10: 0131470302 | ISBN-13: 9780131470309
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WebCT Test Item File
Smith
©2006 | Prentice Hall | Electronic Book | Instock
ISBN-10: 0132273454 | ISBN-13: 9780132273459
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On-Line Study Guide
Smith
©2006 | Prentice Hall | On-line Supplement | Instock
ISBN-10: 0131863304 | ISBN-13: 9780131863309


Student Lecture Notebook
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©2006 | Prentice Hall | Paper; 240 pp | Instock
ISBN-10: 0131863312 | ISBN-13: 9780131863316
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©2009 | Prentice Hall | Paper; 120 pp | Instock
ISBN-10: 0136044352 | ISBN-13: 9780136044352
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